Genetics of Cancer Flashcards

(64 cards)

1
Q

Cancers derived from the lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphomas

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2
Q

Genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation

Genes that activate proliferation

Genes that participate in DNA repair

A

Characteristics of Cancer Genes

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3
Q

DNA sequence variants of the same gene present in a population

A

Allele

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4
Q

DNA alteration in the gametes that can be inherited from one generation to the next.

A

Germline mutation

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5
Q

T/F: The Rb mutation also displays reduced penetrance, only about 90% of individuals who inherit the mutant allele experience a second hit and develop a tumor

A

True

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6
Q

Cancers of the epithelial Cells

A

Carcinomas

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7
Q

Cancer cells induce______.

A

angiogenesis

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8
Q

Cancers derived from the glial cells of the CNS

A

Gliomas

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9
Q

tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are________.

A

inactivated(turned off).

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10
Q

RNA tumor viruses target ___

A

oncogenes

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11
Q

DNA tumor viruses target ____

A

tumor suppressor genes

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12
Q

Many cancers are maintained by a population of cancer ____ cells

A

Stem

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13
Q

a single gene trait

A

Simple trait

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14
Q

arising from a single cell

A

Clonal

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15
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma are the ____ type of breast cancer

A

noninvasive

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16
Q

_____ (product of the INK4 gene) is produced when cells are stressed and is an important component of the cell cycle arrest that should normally occur

A

p16 protein

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17
Q

T/F: Virus genomes can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can be linear or circular

A

True

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18
Q

gene that functions normally to slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes or induce apoptosis.

A

Tumor Suppressor

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19
Q

a mutation/allele/gene that produces a phenotype only in the homozygous state

A

Recessive

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20
Q

The first viral oncogene was identified from _____

A

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)

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21
Q

______ consists of 2 identical copies of the HIV positive single- stranded RNA genome

A

HIV virus particle

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22
Q

the proportion (percentage) of individuals in a population who inherit a mutation that will display the associated phenotype.

A

Penetrance

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23
Q

gene that can promote formation of a tumor/cancer

A

Oncogene

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24
Q

A trait involving multiple genes and mutations

A

Multifactorial trait

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25
A single ______ is not enough to cause cancer.
mutation
26
Cancers from white blood cells and their precursors
Leukemias
27
____ is needed to create a DNA copy of the HIV genome
reverse transcriptase
28
Knudson’s original hypothesis was that a person needed to acquire two mutant copies of the ____
Rb gene
29
Most oncogenes have normal cellular homologs called ____ that functions as regulators of cell growth and include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors.
proto-oncogenes
30
Active _______ functions to arrest cell cycle, trigger senescence and apoptosis
p53
31
The ____. protein is a “universal” cell cycle regulator; functions as a brake on cell cycle progression
Rb protein
32
cancers from connective tissue or muscles
Sarcomas
33
What are the common breast cancer genes?
BRAC1 and BRAC2
34
a trait involving multiple genes and gene-environment interactions
Complex trait
35
normal copy of an oncogene found in the cell that controls normal growth and cell division
Proto-oncogene
36
Dominant, Recessive, Codominant
Single Gene Disorders
37
T/F: ~15% of human cancers world-wide are thought to arise from mechanisms that involve viruses, bacteria or parasites
True
38
Cancer cells are less prone to undergo______.
apoptosis
39
_______ are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die (apoptosis or programmed cell death)
Tumor supressor Genes
40
Normal cell division + decreased apoptosis =
tumor
41
____ and _____ are involved in colon cancer
APC and Wnt/B catenin pathway
42
Cancer cells are defective in the control mechanisms that normally____ cell division
Halt
43
cancer genes
Oncogene
44
DNA alteration in a non-germline tissue/cell, which is not heritable.
Somatic mutation
45
a mutation/allele/gene that produces a phenotype when present in the homozygous or heterozygous state
Dominant
46
______ are often genes that normally control what kind of cell it is and how often it grows and divides.
Proto-oncogenes
47
epithelial ductal or lobular carcinomas are the ___ type of breast cancer
Invasive
48
oncogenes result from the __________ of proto-oncogenes
activation (turning on)
49
HIV infects ___ cells
CD+ T cells
50
functions as regulators of cell growth and include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors.
proto-oncogenes
51
Cancer cells are more ________ _______ that normal cells
self-sufficient
52
benign tumors of the cartilage
Chondromas
53
Functions in environment sampling telling if it is ok to divide
Hormone Receptor Status
54
Rearrangements/Translocations, Deletions, Insertions, Duplications
Chromosome Disorders
55
T/F: Cancer cells are genetically unstable
True
56
Increased Cell Division + normal apoptosis =
tumor
57
Cancer cells are relatively_______ to anti-proliferative extracellular signals
insensitive
58
Multiple genes, gene-environment
Multifactoral or Comples Genetic Diseases
59
The process of growing new blood vessels.
Angiogenesis
60
One mutant Rb allele is considered dominant at the level of the _____, but recessive at the level of the ____.
individual; cell
61
What are the 2 types of viruses?
DNA and RNA viruses
62
Benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization
Adenomas
63
T/F: Mutations that inactivate the function of p16 or mutations in regulatory regions of the p16 gene that shutdown expression can also contribute to cancer.
True
64
______ are mutated forms of certain normal genes of the cell called proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes