Antidepressants Flashcards
What are the roles of these parts of the brain?
- Hypothalamus
- Anygdala
- Hippocampus
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Cingulate cortex
Hypothalamus = Homeostasis
Anygdala = recognises/responds to emotions
Hippocampus =memories
Nucleus Accumbens= reward and pleasure
Cingulate Cortex =recognises pleasant and painful stimuli
What are Monoamines?
Monoamines refers to certain neurotransmitters such as Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Seretonin.
It’s because they’re derived from Amino Acids
What does ‘SERT’ Stand for?
Seretonin Reuptake Transporter
It’s a target for antidepressants
Name some antidepressants that are ‘seretonin reuptake inhibitors’ (SERT)
- Tricyclic Antidepressants (Desipramine, Imipramine)
- Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors (Sertraline, Citalopram, ,Fluoxetine)
- SERT Inhibitors/5-HT releasers (Fenfluramine, Methylenesioxymethamphetamine MDMA)
Parkinsons can be caused by loss of what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Where are Monoamine neurons located?
They’re located within the descrete nuclei within the brainstem and midbrain. They project widely throughout the forebrain.
What are the 2 types of depression?
- Unipolar (major depression)
- Bipolar (manic depression)
True or false…
Patients with depression have abnormally low cortisol levels
FALSE
Patients with depression have abnormally HIGH cortisol levels.
Name some treatments of depression…
Counselling, Psychotherapy, Drugs (SSRIs for example), ECT
Name the Classes of Antidepressants:
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Tricyclic Drugs
- SSRIs
- Third Gen’ antidepressants
- Mood stabilisers
Name some characteristics of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAIO) and name some…
They’re seen as last line of treatment for sever depressive patients.
- Phenelzine (can be used for bipolar too)
- Tranycylpromine
&; Iproniazid was used to treat TB!!!
What are the SE of MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
LOTS OF THEM!!!!
Hypertension, risk of seretonin syndrome so don’t give trypophan supplements or other psychoactive drugs, weight gain, odema, sexual dysfunction, sedation, renal or hepatic function, risk in pregnant or lactating women.
Which drugs are TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS:
- Citalopram, Sertraline
- Venlafaxine, Buprpion
- Imipramine, Amitriptyline
Tricyclic Antidepressants:
- Imipramine
- Amitriptyline
- Doxepin also used for anxiety
Most useful for treating MAJOR depression episodes
How do Tricyclic Antidepressants work
They work by non-selectively blocking the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin, leading to increase in the availability of these transmitters at their respective receptors.
What are adverse effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants?
Weight gain, sexual dysfunction, Contradictory for patients with cardiac problems, antihistamine effects, dry mouth. blurred vision, dizziness, headache, constipation
Which of the following groups of drugs is NOT used in the treatment of depression?
- Benzodiazepines
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- Lithium compounds
Benzodiazepines
Name some SSRIs
Citalopram,
Fluoxetine (prozac),
Paroxetine,
Sertraline,
Why do SSRI’s produce less SE
Because of their selectivity. If there are SE they usually dissipate within 4-6 weeks
Citalopram (Celexa) increases synaptic levels of: -Serotonin -glycine -glutamate gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Seretonin
It’s a selective seretonin re-uptake inhibitor
Dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin are all:
- peptides produced in the brain
- derived from arachidonic acid
- found exclusively in the brain
- monoamine transmitters
monoamine transmitters
Lithium Carbonate, Lithium Citrate, Carbamazepine and Valproate are all what category of drug used to treat what???
They are all MOOD STABILISERS used to treat acute mania in bipolar suffers
Name some next Generation Antidepressants…
Bupropion
Venlafaxine
CRH receptor antagonists are 3rd gen’ that are under development
Mood stabilisers such as lithium drugs are alkali metal salts that change biochemical electrolyte and endoctine functions in the body so have a lot of SE. Name some…
Lithium is not given to people with renal dysfunction, lukaemia, dehidration or sodium depletion .
Also causes headaches, dizziness, confusion, hairloss, oedema, cardiac dysrhythmias and nephrotoxixity
Name some Anxiety Disorders…
- Generalised Anxiety Disorders
- Panic Disorders
- Phobias
- PTSD
- OCD
