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MIMM 211 > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of global antibiotic use is in livestock?


A

3/4

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2
Q

What is a common use of antibiotics on plants?


A

Prevention and treatment of disease

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3
Q

Who discovered streptomycin?


A

Selman Waksman

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4
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered through systematic screening?


A

Streptomycin

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5
Q

How many years have antibiotics been produced by bacteria?


A

Over 40 million years

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6
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?


A

The ability for bacteria to grow in presence of antibiotics

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7
Q

What are common antibiotic-producing microorganisms?


A

Actinomyces, Streptomyces, fungi/mold

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8
Q

What is multidrug resistance?


A

Resistance to multiple compounds

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9
Q

What are the main classes of antibiotics mentioned?


A

Streptomycin (Aminoglycosides)
Tetracyclines
Daptomycin (Lipopeptides)

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10
Q

How is antibiotic resistance genetically mediated?


A

By mutations or resistance-genes

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11
Q

What is bacteriostatic activity?


A

Blocks a reaction required for cell replication

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12
Q

What does high MIC indicate?


A

High minimum inhibitory concentration

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13
Q

What is an example of bacteriostatic activity?


A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

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14
Q

What does a small zone of inhibition in a disc infusion assay indicate?


A

Resistance to the antibiotic tested

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15
Q

What is an example of bactericidal activity?


A

Lysis of cell wall

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16
Q

What has driven the evolution of resistance mechanisms in bacteria?


A

Competition and survival in the natural environment

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17
Q

How does human behavior affect antibiotic resistance?


A

It accelerates emergence, selection, and spread

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18
Q

What factors affect the killing effects of antibiotics?


A

Doses and bacteria species

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19
Q

What are the two mechanisms that result in antibiotic resistance?


A

Fortuitous advantageous mutations and target mutations

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20
Q

What does MIC stand for?


A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

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21
Q

What is the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?


A

Pump out antibiotics

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22
Q

What does a high MIC indicate?


A

The bacterium is resistant

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23
Q

What does expropriating genes refer to in antibiotic resistance?


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A

Kidnapping resistance mechanisms from antibiotic producers

24
Q

How do plasmids contribute to antibiotic resistance?


Study These Flashcards
A

They encode resistance genes and spread resistance

25
What is vertical gene transfer?

Resistance trait passed from one generation to another
26
What is horizontal gene transfer?

Resistance trait transferred to different bacteria
27
How does conjugation contribute to antibiotic resistance?

It transfers plasmids between bacteria
28
What is the role of low permeability in antibiotic resistance?

Acts as a selective barrier for antibiotics
29
What is the purpose of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST)?

Determine antibiotic susceptibility and resistance
30
What are the two types of AST?

Quantitative and qualitative
31
Why are Gram-negative bacteria intrinsically resistant?

Due to their outer membrane's hydrophobic nature
32
What is a con of AST?

Labor-intensive and slow
33
What is a major mechanism of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria?

Complex multi-purpose efflux pumps
34
What is the target of Quinolones?

DNA gyrase
35
What do Beta-lactams target?

Cell wall synthesis
36
What is Erm modification related to?

Modification of the 50S subunit and Macrolides resistance
37
What is the target of Aminoglycosides?

30S ribosomal subunit
38
How does drug modification or drug degradation occur?
Enzymes cleave beta-lactam rings in periplasm
39
What are extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)?
Enzymes that can cleave cephalosporins
40
What is the target of Macrolides?
50S ribosomal subunit
41
What are Penicillin Binding Proteins(PBPs)?
Transpeptidases for peptidoglycan synthesis
42
How does amiglycosides modification occur ?
By adding moieties that prevents binding
43
How do Beta-lactams work?
Inhibits PBPs required for cross-links
44
What happens when petidoglycan synthesis is disrupted ?
Cell wall weakens and bursts
45
Why are beta-lactams used?
They have a very wide spectrum of activity
46
Why are some inhibotors ineffective against gram -negatives?
They cannot penetrate the outer membrane
47
What is the composition of prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S ribosomes with 30S and 50S subunits
48
What is the composition of eukaryotic ribosomes ?
80S ribosomes with 40S and 60S subunits
49
What do major protein synthesis inhibitors do?
Block the elongation cycle of protein synthesis
50
What is the action of Tetracyclines and Aminoglycosides?
Inhibits the 30S ribosomal subunit
51
What is the action of Macrolides?
Block the 50S subunit
52
What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?
Binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit
53
What is a limitation of Aminoglycosides?
Important side effects limit clinical use
54
What factors should be considered when choosing an antibiotic?
Spectrum, delivery, dosing, resistance
55
Why should we consider regarding clinical efficiency ?
Clinical studies,microbiological potency
56
What should be considered regarding side effects and toxicity ?
Potential adverse effects of the antibiotic

MIMM 211 (7 decks)

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