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MIMM 211 > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key cellular differences between parasites and bacteria/viruses?

A

Parasites have a nucleus and have a more complicated structure

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2
Q

Categories of parasites

A

Protozoans (Single cells)
Helminths (Multicellular)

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3
Q

Why are there currently no vaccines for parasitic infections?

A

Parasites are Eukaryotes
Parasites are more involved
Inadequate research efforts

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4
Q

In which type of countries are parasitic infections most prevalent?

A

Poor countries

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5
Q

Percentage of death in the Developing World attributed to Infectious Diseases?

A

50%

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6
Q

Protozoan infections transmitted by insects

A

Malaria
Leishmaniasis
Trypanomiasis

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7
Q

Helminth(s) transmissible through soil

A

Ascaris
Trichuris
Hookworm

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8
Q

Characteristics of Ascaris

A

Lifespan: 1 year
Eggs/day: 200,000
Length: 20 cm

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9
Q

characteristics of Trichuris

A

Lifespan: 2 years
Eggs/day: 5000
Length: 5 cm

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10
Q

Characteristics of Hookworm

A

Lifespan: 5 years
Eggs/day: 50,000
Length: 15 nm

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11
Q

Other name of lymphatic filariasis

A

Elephantiasis

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12
Q

Parasite transmitted by snails

A

Schistosomiasis

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13
Q

The population at risk of STHs

A

1/3 of worldwide population

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14
Q

What characterizes adult worms in the human gastrointestinal tract regarding replication and egg production?


A

-Survive for years
-Do not replicate in human host
-Produce eggs that are excreted with feces

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15
Q

How are Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) typically diagnosed?

A

By examining a feces sample

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16
Q

How is the intensity of STH infection determined?


A

By the number of eggs per gram of feces

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17
Q

What diagnostic method is commonly used to determine STH intensity?


A

Microscopy

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18
Q

What is the main goal of treating Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections?


A

To remove adult worms from the intestine

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19
Q

What are the most common drugs used to treat STH infections?


A

Benzimidazoles
Ivermectin

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20
Q

What does STH treatment NOT eliminate?


A

The eggs

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21
Q

Why is STH treatment often focused on school-age children?


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A

To reduce worm burden and improve health and cognitive development

22
Q

What causes elephantiasis?


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A

Wucheria Bancroft

23
Q

What causes Onchocerciasis and how is it transmitted?


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A

Caused by Onchocerca Volvus
Transmitted by blackflies through larvae

24
Q

In Onchocerciasis, where do microfilariae accumulate and what condition do they cause?


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A

Accumulate in the eye, causing blindness known as River blindness

25
How may helminth infections affect autoimmune diseases?

Reduce overall inflammation associated with autoimmunity Help prolong survival of helminths in intestines May have a reverse correlation with allergies
26
How is helminth therapy being tested to treat autoimmune diseases?
Using male helminth eggs to treat diseases like Crohn’s disease or inflammatory bowel disease
27
What is a vector in parasitology?

A vector is an organism that transmits a disease from one host to another
28
By which two criteria can diseases be ranked?

Number of deaths caused Impact on the health of the infected
29
What does DALY stand for and what does it represent?
Disability Adjusted Life Years; Healthy years lost
30
What are the stages of the Plasmodium life cycle?

1. Infection by mosquito 2. Formation of sporozoites which go to the liver within an hour 3. Sporozoites develop into merozoites which infect red blood cells 4. Merozoites reproduce via asexual cycle until the lysis of the red blood cell 5. Merozoites develop into gametocytes which are transmitted to the mosquito
31
In what type of climates is Malaria mostly found?

Warm climates
32
What do merozoites do that causes blood flow blockage?

They are sticky and eventually block the blood flow
33
What do merozoites develop into within the host?

Gametocytes
34
What are the stages of the Trypanosoma brucei life cycle?

Tsetse fly injects T.brucei into the bloodstream T.brucei multiplies by binary fission in blood, lymph, and spinal fluid Tsetse fly ingests T.brucei during a blood meal T.brucei multiplies by binary fission in the midgut of the fly T.brucei transforms into an infectious stage T.brucei enters the salivary gland and multiplies
35
What are the stages of the Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle?

Trypomastigote infects human host Amastigote infects muscle cells until they burst Amastigotes transform back into Trypomastigotes Triatomine becomes infected and perpetuates the cycle
36
What are the stages of the Leishmania life cycle?

Promastigote is transferred through the Sandfly Promastigote is ingested by a macrophage Promastigote transforms into Amastigote form within the macrophage Amastigote reproduces within the macrophage Macrophage bursts, releasing Amastigotes to continue the cycle or be taken by a sandfly
37
When are gametocytes transmitted to the mosquito?

When the mosquito takes a blood meal
38
How is Malaria diagnosed?

Through microscopy, observing the ring stage of the merozoite in the red blood cell
39
What is a common treatment for Malaria?

Artemisinin
40
What is another name for Human African Trypanosomiasis?

Sleeping sickness
41
What happens to the host's blood when Trypanosomes multiply extensively?

Blood becomes overwhelmed by the parasites
42
What is trypanosome cruzi and where is it primarily found?

A South American version of trypanosome brucei
43
Why are Chagas Disease cases exported to other countries?

Due to the long asymptomatic period
44
What are the major forms of Leishmaniasis and the species that cause them?

Visceral Leishmaniasis: Leishmaniadonovani Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Leishmaniamajor
45
How can Chagas Disease be transmitted through blood?

Through blood transfusion if the blood is not checked
46
Which organs does Visceral Leishmaniasis affect?

Liver, spleen, bone marrow
47
What medication is used to treat Visceral Leishmaniasis?

Ambisome
48
Why is it difficult to develop resistance to Ambisome for Visceral Leishmaniasis?

Because it acts so quickly
49
What is PKDL and what happens to treated patients with Visceral Leishmania?

PKDL: Post-Kalazar Dermal Leishmaniasis Approximately 10-25% of treated patients develop rashes containing parasites that want to get out
50
What diagnostic method is used to check for antibiotics in blood samples for Leishmaniasis?

Using blood samples to check for antibiotics

MIMM 211 (7 decks)

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