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Pharmacology > Antimicrobial Mechanism And Spectrum > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Mechanism And Spectrum Flashcards

1
Q

MoA of B-lactams

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Bind to penicillin binding proteins
Create pores in walls, cell takes on water, dies

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2
Q

Two main subdivisions of b-lactams

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins

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3
Q

There are ___ major subdivisions of penicillins; however, ______penicillins and ______penicillins are the most common.

A

4; benzylpenicillins; aminopenicillins

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4
Q

There are 4 generations of cephalosporins. What generations are MOST commonly used in veterinary medicine?

A

1st and 3rd (some 2nd)

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5
Q

Penicillin G is an example of a _________

A

Benzylpenicillin

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6
Q

Why are penicillins iffy with staphs?

A

Staphs produce b-lactamases

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7
Q

SoA of Penicillin G

A

Streps, Anaerobes

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8
Q

Name two aminopenicillins

A

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin

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9
Q

SoA of aminopenicillins

A

Strep, Anaerobes (higher end of dose range may be needed)

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10
Q

When may aminopenicillins be useful against gram (-) aerobes?

A

Drugs concentrate in urine, so reach higher concentrations and are able to treat more gram (-) aerobes in the urine

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11
Q

What can be used to extend the spectrum of penicillins to include non MRSA staphylococci and bacteriodes?

A

B-lactamase inhibitors (Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam)

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12
Q

When talking about cephalosporins, the classical definition is that as generation # increases gram (-) coverage __________

A

Increases (Ex. 3rd generation has more gram (-) coverage than 1st gen)

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13
Q

CefAzolin and CephAlexin are ______ generation cephalosporins. What is their spectrum?

A

1st
Streps, non-MRSA Staphs maybe
Cefazolin can potentially cover some gram (+) anaerobes (not clostridium)
Gram (-) aerobes - Cefazolin +/-, Cephalexin NO

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14
Q

What generation is Cefoxitin? When is it most commonly used?

A

2nd
Surgical prophylaxis for severe dental/gingival disease

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15
Q

SoA of 3rd gen cephalosporins

A

Streps, non-MRSA Staphs, Gram (-) aerobes - may require higher doses (ceftiofur)

Anaerobes - not great for Clostridium, but Cefpodoxime and Cefovecin can get gram (-) anaerobes

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16
Q

T/F: 3rd generation cephalosporins are the treatment of choice for Pseudomonas

A

False - no effect against Pseudomonas

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17
Q

B-lactams have EXCELLENT coverage against _________

A

Streps

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18
Q

What 3rd generation cephalosporins has the best gram (-) spectrum?

A

Cefpodoxime

19
Q

MoA of aminoglycosides

A

Inhibit protein synthesis at the 30s ribosomal subunit
Some may also work at 50s (amikacin)

20
Q

What are the two common aminoglycosides used?

A

Amikacin
Gentamicin

21
Q

SoA of aminoglycosides

A

Gram (-) aerobes
Staphs (including some MRS)

NO streps
NO anaerobes

22
Q

MoA of fluoroquinolones

A

DNA gyrase inhibition

23
Q

SoA of fluoroquinolones

A

Gram (-)
Staphs
Rickettsia
Mycoplasma

Streps (rarely)
NO anaerobes

24
Q

T/F: Ciprofloxacin kills horses

A

True :(

25
Q

T/F: the spectrum of action of fluoroquinolones is very similar to aminoglycosides; however, aminoglycosides work better in purulent environments.

A

False - Do have similar spectrum, but fluoroquinolones work better in purulent environments

26
Q

MoA of tetracyclines

A

Inhibit protein synthesis at 30s ribosomal subunit

27
Q

What 3 tetracyclines do we have?

A

Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline

28
Q

SoA of tetracyclines

A

“Jack of all trades, Master of Rickettsia”
Gram (+) and gram (-) aerobes, Anaerobes, Rickettsia

29
Q

Rank the tetracyclines by order of greatest activity to lowest activity

A

Minocycline > doxycycline > oxytetracycline

30
Q

MoA of potentiated sulfonamides

A

Folic acid pathway inhibitors

31
Q

SoA of potentiated sulfonamides

A

“Jack of all trades, master of none”
Gram (+) and Gram (-) aerobes, some protozoa

Don’t use for anaerobes

32
Q

In vitro tests on potentiated sulfonamides _______ anaerobic activity

A

Overestimate

33
Q

Like aminoglycosides, potentiated sulfonamides have __________ activity in purulent environments

A

Decreased

34
Q

MoA of macrolides and lincosamides

A

Protein synthesis inhibition at the 50s ribosomal subunit

35
Q

Name a few macrolides and lincosamides

A

Macrolides - erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Lincosamides - clindamycin

36
Q

In what species should clindamycin never be used?

A

Horses and rabbits

37
Q

SoA of macrolides and lincosamides

A

Gram (+) aerobes
Anaerobes (Clindamycin, Azithromycin)

38
Q

T/F: Macrolides and lincosamides are good for abscesses and intracellular bacteria

A

True

39
Q

MoA of phenicols

A

Protein synthesis inhibition at the 50s ribosomal unit

40
Q

SoA of phenicols

A

Gram (+) aerobes, some gram (-) aerobes
Anaerobes
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia

Good for abscess, good for intracellular bacteria

41
Q

MoA of nitroimidazoles

A

DNA synthesis inhibition through production of toxic metabolites

42
Q

T/F: Metronidazole will never be FDA approved for dogs to treat Giardia

A

False - now FDA approved

43
Q

SoA of nitroimidazoles

A

Anaerobes
Protozoa

44
Q

T/F: Lincosamides, macrolides, and chloramphenicol are all good for intracellular bacteria and abscesses.

A

True!

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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