antimicrobial resistance

Question 1

who is sir alexander flemming?

Answer 1

discovered first antibiotic - penicilliin

Question 2

how antibiotic resistance occurs
1) selective pressure
2) horizontal gene transfer
-plasmid conjugation
-recombination
-bacteriophage

Answer 2

plasmid conjugation= carry antibiotic resistance genes
recombination= extracellular DNA
bacteriophage= carry genes that give antibitoc resistence mechanisms

Question 3

examples of different antibiotics used?
1) aminoglycosides
-mechanisms
-resistence mechanisms used by bacteria
example. gentamicin

Answer 3

-works by inhibiting bacteria protein synthesis
-modification of specific antibitoic enzymes to stop antibiotic working

Question 4

Beta lactam (penicillion)
-similaries between all antibiotics
mechnism
-resistence mechanism

Answer 4

all antibiotics have a beta lactam nucleas in their nuclear structure
-weakens bacterial cell wall
-expressing β-lactamases

Question 5

chloramphenicol
-mechanisms
-resistance mechanism

Answer 5

-inhibtor of protein synthesis
-enzymatic inactivation by acetlation of the drug

Question 6

tetracycline-
-how does it protect against bacteria
-bacteria resistence mechanisms

Answer 6

targets bacterial ribosome and protein synthesis
-effkux pumps removing antibiotic from the cell

Question 7

examples of literature/ outbreaks
1) pneumonia (life threatning)
2) gonorrhea (casue infertility)

Answer 7

1) antibiotic selective pressures have produced several successful penicillian ( beta lactam) resistant clones
2) closest bacteria to the emergence of an untreatable clone

Question 8

why aren’t we finding new antibiotics

Answer 8

to gain a licence new antibiotics have to demonstarte they are not inferoir to existing drugs

Question 9

example of new antibiotic discovered and function

Answer 9

teixobactin: binds lipid 11 and lipid 111