AntiMicrobial Treatments

Question 1

AntiMicrobial treatment

Answer 1

• chemicals used to inhibit microbial growth within another living organism
• disease treatment
• all of these drugs show some degree of selective toxicity

Question 2

Type of drugs

Answer 2

• antibiotics (antibacterials)
• antifungal
• antiviral
• antiparasites: (anti-helminthics, antiprotists)

Question 3

Targets of antibacterials

Answer 3

• cell wall
• dna
• protein synthesis
• RNA
• metabolic disruption

Question 4

1. competitive inhibition

Answer 4

• sulfonilamide

- trimethoprim

Question 5

2. inhibitioin of nucleic acid syntheses

Answer 5

• rifamyciin (transcription)

- nalidixic acid (DNA replication)

Question 6

3. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Answer 6

• penicillin, bactracin, cephalosporiin

Question 7

4. disruption of cell membrane function

Answer 7

• polymyxin

- nyastatin

Question 8

5 inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 8

• tetracycline
• erythromycin
• streptomycin
• chloramphenicol

Question 9

antimicrobial use

Answer 9

Selective toxcity
Bacteriostatic
Bacteriocidal
Therapeutic index
Narrow-spectrum
Broad-spectrum
Half-life
Drug interactions

Question 10

chemical classification: antibacterials

Answer 10

b-lactams
Aminoglycosides 
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol		
Macrolides			
Sulfa drugs
Rifamycins
Quinolones
Polypeptides

Question 11

cell wall inhibitors

Answer 11

• beta-lactams

- penicillins

Question 12

Protein synthesis inhibition: macrolides

Answer 12

contain a macrocyclic ring
e.g. Erythromycin, azithromycin
Blocks protein
synthesis

Question 13

Protein synthesis inhibition: aminoglycosides

Answer 13

amino-sugars
streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin
Block protein synthesis by changing ribosome shape

Question 14

metabollic disruption: anti-metabolites

Answer 14

• sulfa drugs sulfonamides
• pABA analogs
• sulfamethoxadole (trimethoprim)

Question 15

DNA inhibition

Answer 15

Quinilone

Question 16

Quinolone

Answer 16

DNA gyrase inhibition ciprofloxacin

Question 17

Antifungals

Answer 17

• amphotericin B
• Azoles
• Griseofulvin

Question 18

Antivirals

Answer 18

• acyclovir
• amantadine
• nuceotide analogs (AZT)
• Protease inhibitors

Question 19

Antiparasites

Answer 19

• chloroquine
• metronidazole
• primaquine
• iodoquinol

Question 20

Drug resistance

Answer 20

MICROBES may become resistant to the actions of drugs
Microbes do not become IMMUNE
Host resistance is not the same as microbe resistance

Question 21

Antimicrobial resistance:

acquisition of R plasmids

Answer 21

• conjugation
• transformation
• transduction
• penicillin resistance from B-lactamases

Question 22

Antimicrobial resistance:

Mutation of drug traget site

Answer 22

Ribosome changes : no rifamycin attachment

RNA polymerase changes : erythromycin inactivation

Question 23

Antibiotic resistance cycle

Answer 23

1. increased antibiotic use
2. increase in resistant strains
3. ineffective empriic therapy (increased morbidity/more antibiotics)
4. increased hospitalization (more antibiotics)
5. increased healthcare resource use
6. limited treatment alternatives (more antibiotcs/increased mortality)

Question 24

reason for spread of drug resistance

Answer 24

• improper use of antimicrobials

- overuse of antimicrobials

Question 25

Proper use of antimicrobials

Answer 25

- proper drug choice - proper dose - proper drug therapy - completion of treatment - using prescribed drug

Question 26

super infection

Answer 26

- drug resistant strains - loss of competition - clostridium difficile - candida albincans