antimicrobials

Question 1

antimicrobial drugs

Answer 1

1) target microorganisms
- bacterial, fungals, virals, parasitic

Question 2

combating covid-19

Answer 2

1) prophylaxis
2) treatment
- dexamethasone
- anti-viral drugs

Question 3

histor of antimicrobials

Answer 3

1) paul ehrlich
- arsenic compounds that killed microbes
2) alexander fleming
- penicillin from penicillium notatum
3) gerhard domagk
- sulfanimide
4) selman waksman
- gave definition of antibiotics

Question 4

antibiotics

Answer 4

1) substances that are produces naturally by microorganisms that kill other microorganisms
2) ANTIBACTERIAL!!! current definition

Question 5

naturally occuring

Answer 5

1) produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi

Question 6

semisynthetic

Answer 6

1) chemically altered antibiotics
2) pharmicologically more active

Question 7

synthetic

Answer 7

1) completely synthesized in a laboratory

Question 8

penicillin

Answer 8

1) beta lactam with side chain

Question 9

amoxicillin

Answer 9

1) semisynthetic
2) same beta lactam but different side chain

Question 10

selective toxicity

Answer 10

1) target bacterial cell without damaging human cell
- target a uniquely bacterial molecule
2) target a molecule that is synthesized in bacterium but can be obtained elsewhere in humans
3) bacterial ribosomes
4) bacterial enzymes

Question 11

three aspects of bacteria targeted by antibiotics

Answer 11

1) bacterial cell envelope
2) biosynthetic processes within bacteria
3) bacterial metabolism

Question 12

antibiotic classification

Answer 12

1) cell wall synthesis inhibitors
2) protein synthesis inhibitors
3) metabolic pathways inhibitor
4) nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

Question 13

cell wall synthesis

Answer 13

1) beta-lactam antibiotics
- penicillins
- cephalosporins
- carbapenems
- monobactams
2) vancomycin (glycopeptide) and bacitracin

Question 14

beta-lactam anitbiotics

Answer 14

1)beta-lactam core structure
- antimicrobial
2) side chains
- pharmacokinetic properties
- spectrum of activity
3)impair last stage of cell wall synthesis by interfering with penicillin binding proteins
4) directly bind to PBP

Question 15

peptidoglycan

Answer 15

1) peptide chains of NAGA and MAMA
2) last stage is transpeptidase binding protein for cross linking

Question 16

vancomycin

Answer 16

1) binds to alanine on side chain of newly synthesized peptide chain
2) blocking alanine bridge formation
3) * PBP-binding site (penicillin binding protein binding site)

Question 17

bacterial ribosome

Answer 17

1) 70s = 30s and 50s
2) ours are 80s = 40s and 60s

Question 18

inhibition of metabolic pathways

Answer 18

1) folic acid
- vitamin required to make nucleotides and AAs
2) we can get it from food but bacteria synthesize it from PABA
3) sulfonamide binds to the enzyme that converts PABA to folic acid

Question 19

quinolones

Answer 19

1) inhibit topoisomerase that regular SNA super coiling

Question 20

metronidazole

Answer 20

1) the reduced nitro group can hinder DNA replication, transcription, and repair, resulting in cell death

Question 21

rifampin

Answer 21

1) inhibit RNA synthesis

Question 22

antibiotic spectrum

Answer 22

1) range of bacteria that an antibiotic inhibits or kills
2) narrow spectrum vs broad spectrum
3) broad may cause secondary or superinfections by transient pathogens or normal microbiotia

Question 23

antimicrobial potency

Answer 23

1) diffusion susceptibility
2) MIC
- minimum concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits the entire growth of bacterial strain
3) MBC
- minimum concentration required to kill the strain

Question 24

zones of inhibition

Answer 24

1) size of the zone is proportional to the potency

Question 25

bacteriostatic

Answer 25

1) inhibit growth

Question 26

bactericidal

Answer 26

1) kill bacteria

Question 27

antimicrobial potency

Answer 27

1) determination of the MIC and mbC by dilution test 2) standard amount of bacterium with graded doses of antibiotic

Question 28

toxicit

Answer 28

1) cause of adverse reactions 2) prescribing drugs to pergnant women need considerations 4) toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves -ex. aminoglycosides => ototoxicity - tetracycline hepatic and renal toxicity

Question 29

non-toxic

Answer 29

1) blakc hair tongue 2) tetracycline causes teeth and bone discoloration

Question 30

hypersensitivity

Answer 30

1) anaphylactic shock

Question 31

disruption of normal microbiota

Answer 31

1) may result in secondary infections 2) overgrowth - oral candidiasis, hairy tongue 3) of greatest concern to hospitalized parients

Question 32

intrinsic resistance

Answer 32

1) porins limit entry of large antibiotics

Question 33

acquired resistance

Answer 33

1) mutation within the same species or acquisition of R plasmids via horizontal gene transfer

Question 34

enzymatic inactivation of drug

Answer 34

1) beta-lactamase 2) scientists made clavulanate to amoxicillin to inhibit this enzyme

Question 35

altered uptake and efflux

Answer 35

1) efflux pump and decreased accumulation

Question 36

misuse of antibiotics

Answer 36

1) emergence of resistant strains 2) before prescribing antibiotics to your patient 3) collect patient sample

Question 37

empiric therapy

Answer 37

1) prior to identification of the organisms 2) ideally, the treatment has been selected after the organisms has been identified and drug susceptibility established - exception is critical ill patient - broad spectrum therapy

Question 38

prescribed for

Answer 38

1) prophylaxis 2) specific / definitive therapy 2) empirical / presumptive therapy