Antimicrobials Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Fight infections
A
Antimicrobials
2
Q
Kill organism
A
Biocidal
3
Q
Neutralize/stunt growth and activity
A
Biostatic
4
Q
These work solely on bacteria
A
Antibiotics
5
Q
Range of bacteria the antibiotic is effective against
A
Spectrum of Action
6
Q
Gram + stains
A
purple
7
Q
Gram - stains
A
red/pink
8
Q
3 shapes of bacteria
A
- coccus
- bacillus
- spirochete
9
Q
Work on -‘s OR +’s
A
Narrow spectrum
10
Q
Work on BOTH + and -
A
Broad spectrum
11
Q
Works on bacteria that need O2
A
Aerobic
12
Q
Works on bacteria that don’t need O2
A
Anaerobic
13
Q
This type of test tells if the bacteria is resistant, intermediate, or susceptible
A
Agar Diffusion/Kirby Bauer
14
Q
This type of test determines the lowest amount of the antibiotic given will deactivate or kill the bacteria
A
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
15
Q
Antibiotics should be taken
A
every day at the same time until it is gone
16
Q
Can cause food allergies or antibiotic resistance
Should use caution with withdrawl times in food producing animals
A
Antibiotic residue
17
Q
6 classes of antibiotics
A
- Cell wall agents
- Cell membrane agents (polypeptides)
- Protein synthesis agents
- Antimetabolites
- Nucleic Acid Agents
- Miscellaneous
18
Q
Penicillins, cephalosporins, polypeptides, and glycopeptides are all classified as
A
Cell Wall Agents
19
Q
This was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming
Has a beta-lactam structure
Fairly newer drug
A
Penicillin
20
Q
4 types of penicillin
A
- Natural
- Broad spectrum
- Beta-lacatamase resistant
- Potentiated
21
Q
These type of penicillins are used most commonly in veterinary medicine
Derived from penicillin mold
Treats Gram + only
Ex: Penicillin G and Penicillin V
A
Natural Penicillins
22
Q
Most common natural penicillin used
A
Procaine Pen G
23
Q
The duration of Procaine Pen G
A
24 hrs
24
Q
The duration of Benzathine pen G
A
5 days
25
Penicillins that Treat Gram + and Gram -
Most widely used
Ex: amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticaricillin, piperacillin
Broad spectrum
26
Most common broad spectrum penicillin that comes in a tablet or liquid
amoxicillin
27
Enzyme made by bacteria that destroy the beta-lactame ring
Beta-lactamase
28
Beta-lactamase is AKA
Penicllinase
29
The working component of an antibiotic
Beta lactame ring
30
Resistant to beta-lactamase
Ex: oxacillin, dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, floxacillin
Beta-Lactamase Resistant Penicillin
31
Another drug is added to enhance a penicllin's effect (acts as a bodyguard)
Ex: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Clavamox)
Potentiated Penicillins
32
These type of drugs are similar in structure and pharmacologically similar to penicillins
Have a beta-lactam ring
Developed in the 1960's
4 generations of drugs
Cephalosporins
33
If a pt is allergic to __________ they will usually be allergic to cephalosporins
penicllins
34
Two most widely used generations of Cephalosporins
1st and 3rd
35
These Cephalosporins have the greatest bacteriocide and bacteriostatic activity but they are inactivated by beta-lactamase
Ex: cefazolin and cephalexin
First generation
36
These cephalosporins have a broad spectrum against G -, less G +
Ex: cefotoxin
Second generation
37
These cephalosporins have a broader spectrum of G - bacteria and are resistant to beta-lactamase
Ex: ceftiofur, cefovecin. and cefpodoxine
Third generation
38
These cephalosporins are similar to third generation
Ex: cefepime
Fourth generation
39
An injection of this cephalosporin lasts for 14 days
Cefovecin (Covenia)
40
These antimicrobials have no beta-lactam ring, are toxic to the kidneys when injected, and are usually administered via topical medication
Made of long chains of amino acids
Ex: polymyxcin B, bactracin
Polypeptides
41
Potentiated with neomycin to create neosporin
polypeptides
42
These antimicrobials treat infections that are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins
Treat drug resistant staph
Rarely used in nonhumans because it is ototoxic
Ex: vancomycin
Glycopeptides
43
If a drug is ototoxic, it usually effects the
organ of corti hairs
44
These antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis and stays within the GI tract when given orally
Can be nephrotoxic and ototoxic
Not for food producing animals
Used in any type of infection
Ex: gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin (Topical, Neosporin)
Aminoglycosides
45
These antimicrobials bind to Ca, so they should not be given to young animals because they can stunt growth
Used to treat tick borne agents (Rickettsial agents)
Ex: Doxycycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, minocycline
Tetracyclines
46
This type of antimicrobials are bacteriostatic and work by penetrating tissues and fluids
Banned in food producing animals
Can cause bone marrow suppression
WEAR GLOVES AND MASK WHEN DISPENSING
Chloramphenicol
47
Used in large animals only and administered in the neck region of bovines
Used to treat bovine respiratory infections
Florfenicol (Nuflor)
48
These type of antimicrobials are used to treat soft tissue infx or resp. infx
It's a good substitute for penicillin allergies
Ex: Erythromycin, tylosin, azythromycin
Macrolides
49
This type of macrolide is dose dependent and treats penicillin-resistant infx
Erythromycin
50
This macrolide is used to treat D+ in chicken and fowl
| It is given in water
Tylosin
51
This macrolide is derived from erythromycin and is used to treat UTI's and Feline herpes
Azythromycin (Zithromax)
52
Lincomycin and clindamycins are considered
lincosamides
53
This lincosamide is used to treat dental infx in cats
Clindamycin
54
These antimicrobials are formulated from sulfur
| Can cause allergic rxns because of conjugation issues
Antimetabolites
55
Sulfonamides are considered
Antimetabolites
56
These are synthetic antimicrobials that are bacteriocidal when potentiated
Used to treat UTI, parasites, topical wounds, and abscesses
Can cause crystaluria, KCS, and skin rashes
Ex: sulfadimethoxine, sulfadiazine/trimethorprin, sulfadimethoxine/ormetroprim
Sulfonamides
57
Used as a dewormer
sulfadimethoxine
58
These antibiotics inhibit DNA function of bacteria without harming the host
Can be used in pocket pets
Ex: enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, sarafloxacin, ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolones
59
Enrofloxacin is AKA
Baytril
60
The antibiotic of choice for pocket pets
Baytril (enrofloxacin)
61
Used in large animals and can be carcinogenic
Prohibited in food producing animals
Ex: furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantion
Nitrofurans
62
Used as an antibiotic for aquatics, no longer available in the US
furazolidone
63
Nitrofuran used in large animals for joint inflammation
| Comes in a bright yellow cream
Nitrofurazone
64
Used as an antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal
Mostly used for K9 diarrhea
Ex: metronidazole (Flagyl)
Nitroimidazoles
65
Specific drug used to treat K9 diarrhea
Flagyl (metronidazole)
66
These type of antibiotics are used with erythromycin to disrupt RNA
Treats Rhodococcus equi in foals
Causes body fluids to turn orange
Ex: rifampin
Rifamycins
67
2 groups of fungus
Yeast and mold
68
Fungi are resistant to
antibiotics
69
Type of antifungals that bind to fungal cell membrane and rips it apart
Ex: Nystatin and amphotericin B
Polyenes
70
Most widely used antifungals
| Ex: ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole
Imidazoles
71
Weak antifungals
Ex: flucytosine
Antimetabolic Antifungals
72
These antifungals are used for ringworm, athlete's foot, and infx of the scalp and nails
Should be given with food
Possibly teratogenic
Ex: griseofulvin
Superficial Antifungals
73
These prevent replication of viruses
| Limited veterinary uses
Antivirals
74
Used to treat herpes
Acylovir
75
Used to treat herpes and FELV
interferon
76
Removal/destruction of microbes
Sterilization
77
Free of pathogens
Asepsis
78
Removal of bacteria from inanimate objects
Disinfection
79
Removal of bacteria from animate/living organisms
Antiseptic
80
Physically removing organic materials
Sanitatizing
81
Amount of time you allow a disinfectant/antiseptic to stay on a surface
Contact time
82
What is a broad spectrum drug?
Fights G + AND - bacteria
83
What is a narrow spectrum drug?
Fights G + OR - bacteria
84
When bacteria change in some way to reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of the agent used to treat or prevent infection
Resistance
85
Left over drug within tissues
Residue
86
Beta-lactamase is AKA
Penicillinase
87
A penicillin that is beta-lactamase resistant
oxacillin
88
The administration difference between Pen G and Pen V
Pen G- injectable
| Pen V- oral
89
The molecular structure found in penicillin that allows for the interference with bacteria cell wall synthesis
Beta-Lactam ring
90
The difference between antiseptic and disinfectant
Antiseptic - Animate objects
| Disinfectant - Inanimate objects
91
A drug considered an antidiarrheal/antibiotic/antiprotozoal
Metronidazol (Flagyl)
92
Cefazolin is found in which generation of cephalosporins
1st
93
Simplecef is found in which generation of cephalosporins
3rd
94
Primary side effect of sulfonamides
Crystal uria
95
To prevent crystal uria with the use of sulfonamides, it is recommended that the pet should
Drink more H2O
96
Why would a dog be placed on a tetracycline?
To treat Rickettsial agents
97
Why should tetracyclines be avoided in young animals and pregnant animals?
It binds to Ca, can stunt growth and turn teeth yellow
98
A 14y/o cat was admitted to the hospital for a routine dental with possible extractions. Upon oral examination, the vet decided to extract two molars. What lincosamide would be prescribed?
Clindamycin
99
Griseofulvin is used to treat
Ringworm/dermatophytes
100
A 4y/o mastiff was prescribed an antibiotic for the treatment of meningitis. The owner called stating the dog was experiencing V/D. The owner described the dog's urine as red-orange color. What antibiotic may he be on?
Rimfomycin
101
What does it mean when a drug is potentiated?
It is combined with another drug to enhance effects
102
A potentiated antibiotic
Clavamox
103
An ototoxic aminoglycoside
Gentamicin
104
What fluoroquinolone is safe to give to pocket pets?
Enrofloxacin
105
Enrofloxacin is AKA
Baytril
106
What is the concerning effect of taking chloramphenicol?
Bone marrow suppression
107
Used to treat bovine respiratory dz
Flurophenicol
108
The concerning side effect of amphotericin-B
Nephrotoxicity
109
The glycopeptide used to treat drug-resistant Staph
vancomycin
110
Kills germs
Germicide
111
Kills bacteria
Bacteriacidal
112
Antiviral used to treat FeLV in cats
interferon
113
The antiviral that is specific for herpes virus infections and used to treat ocular feline herpes virus
aclovir
114
What is critical to the efficacy of the disinfectant or antiseptic agent?
Contact time
115
Chlorine is a
disinfectant
116
Chlorhexadine is a
disinfectant and antiseptic
117
Hydrogen peroxide is a
disinfectant and antiseptic
118
Lysol is a
disinfectant
119
Ethylene oxide is a
disinfectant
120
Is ketokonazole an antibiotic or antifungal
antifungal
121
Fungal infections are known as
mycoses
