Antimicrobials Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Misc
A
Injection only
2
Q
Trimethoprim Class
A
Antimetabolite (DHFR Inhibitor)
3
Q
Sulfamethoxazole Class
A
Antimetabolite (Dihydropterate synthase inhibitor)
4
Q
Isoniazid (INH) Class
A
Antitubercular antimetabolite
5
Q
Rifampin Class
A
Antitibuercular antimetabolite
6
Q
Pyrazinamide Class
A
Antitubercular antimetabolite
7
Q
Ethambutol Class
A
Antitubercular antimetabolite
8
Q
Acyclovir (Zovirax) Class
A
Purine analog (guanosine)
9
Q
Ganciclovir (Zirgan) Class
A
Purine analog (guanine)
10
Q
Foscarnet (Foscavir) Class
A
Pyrophosphate congener
11
Q
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Class
A
Neuraminidase inhibitor
12
Q
Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) Class
A
NRTIs
13
Q
Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) Class
A
NNRTIs
14
Q
Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) Class
A
Protease inhibitors
15
Q
Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Class
A
Fusion inhibitors
16
Q
Raltegravir (Isentress) Class
A
HIV integrase inhibitor
17
Q
Amphotericin B Class
A
Polyene / Cell membrane inhibitor
18
Q
Nystatin Class
A
Polyene / Cell membrane inhibitor
19
Q
Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) Class
A
Azole / Cell wall synthesis inhibitor
20
Q
Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) Class
A
Allylamine / Cell wall synthesis inhibitor
21
Q
Capsofungin (Cancidas) Class
A
Echinocandin / Cell wall synthesis inhibitor
22
Q
Flucytosine (Ancobon) Class
A
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
23
Q
Trimethoprim MOA
A
inhibits dihydrofolic acid reduction to tetrahydrofolate resulting in sequential inhibition of enzymes of the folic acid pathway
24
Q
Sulfamethoxazole MOA
A
interferes with bacterial folic acid synthesis and growth via inhibition of dihydrofolic acid formation from paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)
25
Isoniazid (INH) MOA
binds to and inhibits enzymes necessary for mycobacterium cell wall synthesis
26
Rifampin MOA
inhibits mRNA synthesis in bacteria
27
Pyrazinamide MOA
unknown; it is known to be bacteriocidal when used in combination with IHN, rifampin, and ethambutol
28
Ethambutol MOA
inhibits enzyme that is involved with mycobacterium cell wall synthesis
29
Acyclovir (Zovirax) MOA
Binding to enzymes produce inactive compounds, which stop nucleic acid synthesis
30
Ganciclovir (Zirgan) MOA
Binding to enzymes produce inactive compounds, which stop nucleic acid synthesis
31
Foscarnet (Foscavir) MOA
Binding to enzymes produce inactive compounds, which stop nucleic acid synthesis; highly ionized (no oral utility, renal excretion)
32
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) MOA
Prevent viral release from host cells
33
Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) MOA
Inhibits reverse transcriptase
34
Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) MOA
bind directly to reverse transcriptase and inhibit its action
35
Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) MOA
bind within active pocket of protease, inhibiting binding of virus
36
Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) MOA
prevents fusion of virus into host cell
37
Raltegravir (Isentress) MOA
necessary for insertion of viral DNA into human genomic DNA
38
Amphotericin B MOA
drug binds to ergosterol in fungal plasma membrane --> forms pores that disrupt fungal membrane --> reuslts in fungal cell death
39
Nystatin MOA
Pores are formed in the fungal cell membrane, allowing leakage of K+ and Mg+
40
Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) MOA
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting lanosterol demethylase
41
Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) MOA
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase
42
Capsofungin (Cancidas) MOA
Inhibits glucan synthase complex
43
Flucytosine (Ancobon) MOA
Prodrug converted by fungal enzyme to analog inhibitor of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis
44
Trimethoprim Therapies
Uncomplicated UTIs; Pneumocystis pneumonia & Toxoplasmosis infections in immunocompromised patients
45
Sulfamethoxazole Therapies
Uncomplicated UTIs; Pneumocystis pneumonia & Toxoplasmosis infections in immunocompromised patients
46
Isoniazid (INH) Therapies
TB
47
Rifampin Therapies
TB
48
Pyrazinamide Therapies
TB
49
Ethambutol Therapies
TB
50
Acyclovir (Zovirax) Therapies
HSV, VZV (requires higher dose than HSV)
51
Ganciclovir (Zirgan) Therapies
Treatment & prophylaxis of CMV retinitis in HIV
52
Foscarnet (Foscavir) Therapies
Broad spectrum (HSV/VZV/CMV, and RNA viruses (including HIV))
53
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Therapies
Influenza A, influenza B, H1N1 (treat within 1-2 days of symptoms to speed functional recovery, decrease viral shedding duration)
54
Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) Therapies
HIV
55
Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) Therapies
HIV
56
Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) Therapies
HIV
57
Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Therapies
HIV
58
Raltegravir (Isentress) Therapies
HIV
59
Amphotericin B Therapies
life threatening systemic infections
60
Nystatin Therapies
Topically (powder) against superficial fungal infections (candidiasis only)
61
Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) Therapies
Workhorses for candidiases and dermatophytes (troche dosage form very useful due to mucosal contact time)
62
Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) Therapies
Topical dermatophytes (limited utility against candida)
63
Capsofungin (Cancidas) Therapies
Life-threatening fungal infections unresponsive to older agents (especially candida, aspergillus)
64
Flucytosine (Ancobon) Therapies
Used in combo with amphotericin B in life threatening fungal infections in immunocompromised patients
65
Trimethoprim SE
rash (SJS), bone marrow suppression
66
Sulfamethoxazole SE
rash (SJS), bone marrow suppression
67
Isoniazid (INH) SE
peripheral neuritis (most common); hepatitis and hepatotoxicity (most severe)
68
Rifampin SE
nausea, vomiting, rash
69
Pyrazinamide SE
hepatitis, acute gout
70
Ethambutol SE
optic neuritis (most common)
71
Acyclovir (Zovirax) SE
malaise, HA, N/V/D, Low toxicity (CNS side effects if improper dosage in context of renal failure)
72
Ganciclovir (Zirgan) SE
Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia; adverse CNS effects
73
Foscarnet (Foscavir) SE
Dose-dependent renal, electrolyte/metabolic abrnormalities, and CNS toxicities
74
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) SE
Neuropsychiatric toxicity has been reported
75
Zidovudine (Retrovir/AZT) SE
Granulocytopenia; N & V; anemia
76
Efavirenz (Sustiva/EFV) SE
CNS symtpoms, vivid dreams, drowsiness, teratogenic
77
Ritonavir (Norvir/RTV) SE
Lipodystrophy syndrome (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, fat distribution)
78
Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) SE
local injection sight reaction, increased rate of bacterial pneumonia
79
Raltegravir (Isentress) SE
nausea, HA, diarrhea, myopathy & rhabdomyolysis
80
Amphotericin B SE
fever, chills, kidney failure, hypotension, andemia, hypomagensemia, hypokalemia
81
Nystatin SE
---
82
Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) SE
Hepatotoxicity (rarely); inhibits CYP450
83
Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) SE
Hepatotoxicity (rarely)
84
Capsofungin (Cancidas) SE
very few side effects, hepatotoxicity (rarely)
85
Flucytosine (Ancobon) SE
Sloughing of GI mucosa; centrolobular hepatitis; bone marrow cytopenias
86
Trimethoprim Misc
usually given as combo with sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
87
Sulfamethoxazole Misc
Usually given as combo with trimethoprim (Bactrim)
88
Foscarnet (Foscavir) Misc
Used for invasive HSV/VZV infections from acyclovir resistant strains; alternative to ganciclovir for CMV
89
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Misc
Prophylaxis considered if in high-risk confined populations (nursing homes) or post-exposure prophylaxis for family members at high risk for severe disease
90
Enfurvitide (Fuzeon/T20) Misc
injection only
91
Nystatin Misc
Not use against dermatophytes
92
Clotrimazole (lotrimin); Fluconazole (diflucan) Misc
Clotrimazole = topical; fluconazole = systemic
93
Tolnaftate; Terbinafine (lamisil) Misc
Terbinafine (effective against onychomycoses); tolnaftate (oral only; weak agent)
