Antimicrobials Flashcards

Question

what drug interactions must be considered prior to antibiotic administration?

Answer 1

Addition of an antibiotic may influence other drug levels Antacids and laxatives contain metals like aluminium, calcium and magnesium which tend to bind (chelate) antibiotics in the GI tract. This reduces absorption of many antibiotics, eg Ciprofloxacin, Tetracyclines

Answer 2

Giving antibiotics to an individual can affect more than just that individual One bacterium that develops resistance can pass the genes for this into many others, and other species The total antibiotic resistance gene pool for all bacteria world wide can be viewed as the ‘resistome’

Answer 3

an antibiotic Identified 2015 •Effective against gram positive microbes * Inhibits formation of type II lipids involved in the petidoglycan production * More resistant to mutation as it acts on lipids rather than proteins. •4-5 years until introduction into clinical practice? Currently effective against MRSA, VRE and TB (in the lab

Answer 4

Patient transfer Internal and external (notes, bedding) Open Nursing cross contamination of neighbouring pt ``` Non-compliance to staff hygiene protocols: - Inadequate washing of hands - Inadequate apron and glove usage White coats , Ties ```

Answer 5

Unwanted effects sometimes occur unrelated to the basic pharmacological action of a drug but rather as a result of its direct action: .g. – gastric bleeding from aspirin. Adverse reactions unrelated to the main action of a drug are often caused by:- reactive metabolites and/or immunological reactions. Usually such unwanted effects are reversible by reducing the dose or changing the prescription.

Answer 6

‘Those responses not required clinically which occur at doses of the drug within the therapeutic range’

Answer 7

Older age Polypharmacy comorbidities Female gender Poor literacy

Answer 8

Type A and Type B

Answer 9

Adverse reactions included in this category are usually dose dependent An example of a Type A response is the respiratory depression that occurs with the administration of fentanyl - this may be viewed as a predictable and dose dependent reaction

Answer 10

They cannot be predicted from the known pharmacology of the drug Dose dependency is usually not a feature These reactions often have uncertain mechanisms These are common and mortality is often high Examples include hepatotoxiticity, blood dyscrasias

Answer 11

prolongs drug half-life

Answer 12

complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.

Answer 13

Decreased gastric acid secretion Altered gastrointestinal peristalsis Reduces oral drug absorption

Answer 14

Total body water decrease and total body fat increase. Distribution of fat-soluble drugs e.g. diazepam and water-soluble drugs such as digoxin, changes

Answer 15

Decreased plasma albumin restricts drug binding, Produces higher free concentrations of albumin bound drugs (e.g. warfarin).

Answer 16

Reduced hepatic blood flow; slower metabolism Alters half life, may result in increased absorption, e.g. barbiturates such as thiopentone sodium. Less first pass effect

Answer 17

Glomerular filtration rate is decreased by 30% by the age of 65. The lower filtration rate, reduces excretion Increasing half life e.g. digoxin

Answer 18

craetinine and urea

Answer 19

older people have less muscle mass Older people have lower normal creatinine levels, thus they may have renal impairment even with ‘normal creatinine levels

Antimicrobials Flashcards

(43 cards)