Pharmacodynamics

Question 1

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 1

The effect of the drug on the body and how they act to produce these affects.

Question 2

What term defines “the effect of a drug on the body”?

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

What is a drug and and what does it do?

Answer 3

Molecules that produce an effect on the body by interacting with target molecules (usually proteins)

When bound to a target proetein an alteration of physiological processes occur

Question 4

What are the 2 systems which are involved in physiological communication? Which is faster?

Answer 4

The Central Nervous System

The Endocrine System

CNS is faster

Question 5

By what means does the CNS aid in physiological communication?

Answer 5

Impulses and neurotransmitters

Question 6

By what means does the endocrine system aid in physiological communication?

Answer 6

hormones

Question 7

Which system uses impulses and neurotransmitters for physiological communication?

Answer 7

Central Nervous System

Question 8

Which system uses hormones for physiological communication?

Answer 8

Endocrine System

Question 9

What is the collective term for neurotransmitters and and hormones?

Answer 9

first messengers

Question 10

What is a first messenger?

Answer 10

An EXTRAcellular molecule which initiates intracellular activity by binding onto target proteins/receptors on cell surface.

Question 11

What term describes an “extracellular molecule which binds onto target cell-receptors to initiatesintracellular activity”?

Answer 11

first messengers

Question 12

What is a second messenger?

Answer 12

An intracellular molecule which relays signals from extracellular molecules thus mediating intracelluar activity by activating or inhibiting enzymes within the cell

Question 13

What term describes an “An intracellular molecule which acts a relay for signals from a first messenger”?

Answer 13

second messengers

Question 14

How do second messengers work?

Answer 14

by activating or inhibiting enzymes within the cell thus signalling the transcription of certain genes.

Question 15

What type of messenger is calcium?

Answer 15

second messenger

Question 16

Where can specific recptors be found within a cell?

Answer 16

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

Question 17

What are the 4 levels which decribe the physiological effect of a drug?

Answer 17

It’s effect on the whole body

Certain organ systems

target cells within the organ system

molecular target within cellls

Question 18

Why should drugs be as specific as possible?

Answer 18

To reduce the secondary effect on other organ systems

Question 19

What is a target protein?

Answer 19

a protein molecule which allows other molecules (ligand) to bind to it.

Question 20

What is a ligand?

Answer 20

a general term for a molecule which binds onto target proteins.

Question 21

What term describes “a protein molecule which allows other molecules to bind to it”?

Answer 21

target protein

Question 22

What is the general term describes “a molecule which binds onto target proteins”?

Answer 22

ligands

Question 23

In what way can ligands binding to target proteins affect biological process

Answer 23

increase, decrease or alter biological processes

Question 24

What is an endogenous ligand?

Answer 24

a ligand produced inside the body

Question 25

What is an exogenous ligand?

Answer 25

a ligand produced outside the body.

Question 26

What term describes "a ligand prodcuced inside the body"?

Answer 26

endogenous ligand

Question 27

What term describes "a ligand produced outside the body"?

Answer 27

exogenous ligand

Question 28

What type of ligands are drugs?

Answer 28

exogenous

Question 29

What are the 4 categories of target proteins?

Answer 29

Classic receptor Enzyme Ion channels membrane transporters

Question 30

Classic receptors, Enzyme, Ion channels and membrane transporters are all examples of what?

Answer 30

target proteins

Question 31

What is a classic receptor?

Answer 31

a macromolecule which is part of the cell membrane to which a drug binds

Question 32

What macromolecule is part of the cell membrane and which a drug binds to?

Answer 32

Classic receptor

Question 33

What is an Enzyme?

Answer 33

A macromolecule whicg increases the rate of metabolic reactions in the body.

Question 34

What macromolecule increases the rate of metabolic reactions in the body?

Answer 34

Enzymes

Question 35

Describe how ion-channels work in pharmacodynamics.

Answer 35

drugs INTERACT with target protein causing ion-channel to open or close, altering flow of ions across membrane and thus potential difference. This in turn affect physiological changes.

Question 36

Describe how membrane transporters work in pharmacodynamics.

Answer 36

they transport molecules across a cell membrane via passive or active transport.

Question 37

Why might it take a while for a drug to have an effect on the whole physiological system?

Answer 37

drugs first make an affect on a molecular level (target proetin) which in itself are part of larger more complex physiological systems.

Question 38

what determines the specificity of a target protein (classic receptor)?

Answer 38

the combination of amino acids which in turn affect the 3 dimensional structure of the protein.

Question 39

What is meant when a combination of drugs has an additive effect?

Answer 39

When the overall response is equal to the sum of the responces of the individual drugs

Question 40

what is the name of the effect when the overall response of a drug combination is equal to the sum of the individual responses?

Answer 40

Additive

Question 41

What is meant when a combination of drugs has a potentiating effect?

Answer 41

When the overall response is greater that the sum of the responses of the drugs

Question 42

What is the name of the effect when the overall response of a combined drug is greater that the sum of the responses of the individual drugs?

Answer 42

potentiating

Question 43

What is irreversible binding?

Answer 43

when the target-protein ligand complex cannot dissiciate

Question 44

What is affinity?

Answer 44

A measure of how easily a ligand binds to a target protein.

Question 45

What term describes a measure of how easily a ligand binds to a target protein?

Answer 45

Affinity

Question 46

What is an agonist?

Answer 46

A ligand that bind to a target protein and evokes a response.

Question 47

What term describes a ligand that bind to a target protein and evokes a response?

Answer 47

agonist

Question 48

What term describes the response produced by an agonist?

Answer 48

Agonistic response

Question 49

What term describes a drug withh high affinity and high intrinsic activity?

Answer 49

An agonist

Question 50

What properties make a good agonist?

Answer 50

high affinity and high intrinsic | activity

Question 51

What term describes a drug withh high affinity and no intrinsic activity?

Answer 51

antagonist

Question 52

What properties make a good agonist?

Answer 52

high affinity and no intrinsic activity

Question 53

What is an antagonist?

Answer 53

A ligand which binds to a target protein but does not evoke a response.

Question 54

What term describes a ligand which binds to a target protein but does not evoke a response?

Answer 54

antagonist

Question 55

What is a competitive antagonist?

Answer 55

an antagonistic ligand which binds to the same binding site of a target protein as an agonist

Question 56

What term describes an an antagonistic which binds to the same binding site of a target protein as an agonist?

Answer 56

competitive anatagonist

Question 57

What is a non-competitive antagonist?

Answer 57

an antagonistic ligand which binds to a region other than the endogenous binding site, affecting the binding ability of the target protein

Question 58

What term describes an antagonist which bind to a region other than the binding site of a target protein and thus affecting it's affinity?

Answer 58

non-competitive anatagonist

Question 59

What does the the term efficacy mean in pharmacodynamics?

Answer 59

A measure of the actual activity of a drug on the body

Question 60

What does the term potency mean in pharmacodynamics?

Answer 60

It tell us the affinity of a drug for its target

Question 61

What term describes a measure of the actual activity of a drug on the body

Answer 61

efficacy

Question 62

What term describes tell us a measure of the affinity of a drug for its target

Answer 62

potency