Class: Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
Inhibit cell wall formation via altering: 1. Transpeptidase 2. With or without B-Lactam structure 3. D-ala D-ala 4. membrane potential
Class: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Inhibit protein binding via altering: 1. 30S 2. 50S 3. tRNA Isoleucine transport 4. Formation of 70S
Class: Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Inhibit folic acid synthesis via altering: 1. Dihydropterate reductase 2. Difydrofolate reductase
Class: DNA/RNA Synthesis Inhibitors
Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis by altering: 1. gyrase 2. topoisomerase 3. depolarizing-->toxic effect 4. ferrodoxin metabolism-->toxic effect 5. electron transfer 6. mutagenesis
Class: Antimycobacterials
Inhibit mycobacterium growth via: 1. Mycolic acid synthesis 2. RNA polymerase 3. pH altering 4. RNA synthesis
Penicillin Class Action
B-Lactam binds transpeptidase
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins: Dicloxicillin, Methicillin, Oxacillin, Nafcillin
Side groups protect these B-Lactams from B-lactamase
Irreversible B-lactamase inhibitors
Combined with penicillins to broaden spectrum of treatment
Cephalosporins
B-lactam that is stable at low pH
Carbapenams
Penicillin effect without B-lactam structure
Televancin and Vancomycin
Block polymerization by binding D-Ala D-Ala
Aminoglycosides: Amikacin, Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Netilmicin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin
30S binding interferes with initiation misreading dissociation
Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Minocycline, Doxycycline, Demeclocycline, Oxytetracycline, Tigecycline
30 binding prevents aa from polymerizing
Chloramphenicol
50S binding interfers with peptidyl transferase
Lincosamides: Clindamycin
50S binding prevents translocation from A site to P site
Macrolides: Erythromycin base/estolate/sterate/ethylsuccinate, Clatrithromycin, Azithromycin
50S binding prevents translocation from A site to P site
Ketolides: Telithromycin
50S binding to two sites decreases resistance
Retapamulin
50S binding incactivates peptidyl transferase and blocks the P site
Mupirocin
Inhibits tRNA transport of Isoleucine
Linezolid
50S binding prevents 70S subunit aggregation
Streptogramins: Combination of Quinupristan Dalfopristin
Dalfo: Early protein synthesis Quinu: Late protein synthesis
Sulfonamides: Sulfadiazine, silver sulfadiazine, sulfisoxoasole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfacetamide, sulfasalazine
Compete with PABA for dyhydropteroate synthase (first step in folic acid production)
Trimethoprim
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (last step in folic acid production)
Fluoroquinolones: "-floxacin"
DNA gyrase topoisomerase IV
Lipopeptides: Daptomycin
Rapid depolarization via binding membranes causes halt to DNA RNA synthesis
Metronidazole
Anaerobic bacteria absorb Reduction with ferrodoxin Toxic metabolites halt DNA synthesis
Nitozoxanide
Inhibit electron transfer via pyruvate/ferrodoxin oxidoreductase enzyme to stop DNA synthesis
Tinidazole
Damages DNA
Rifaximin
Binds DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Isoniazid
Mycolic acid synthesis halted in mycobacterium
Rifampin
RNA polymerase of mycobacteria
Pyrazinamide
Lowers pH in tubercle cavity of mycobacterium
Ethambutol
Inhibit RNA synthesis in mycobacterium
Clofazimine
Binds DNA and inhibits RNA polymerase function in mycobacterium
