ANTIPROTOZOAL Flashcards

1
Q

Terangkan berkenaan protozoa

A
  • Protozoa terdiri drpd mikroorganisma 1 sel
  • Protozoa blh merebak ke persekitaran & menyebbkan penyakit berjangkit
  • Terdiri dri 4 pengkelasan parasit protozoa
  • Penyakit yang sering terjadi disebabkan parasit protozoal ialah
    Malaria,Amebiasis,Trypanosomiasis,Leishmaniasis,Toxoplasmosis
    dan Giardiasis
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2
Q

Senaraikan kelas parasit protozoa berserta cth mikroorganisma

A
(1) Sarcodina
Cth mikroorganisma : Amoeba
(2) Flagella
Cth mikroorganisma : Leishmania, Tryppanosoma, Giardia, Trichonomas
(3) Sporozoa
Cth mikroorganisma : Plasmodium, Babesia, Isopora, Sarcocystis
(4) Infusoria
Cth mikroorganisma : Balantidium
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3
Q

Terangkan cara transmisi protozoa

A
  • melalui pengambilan mknn & air yg tlh terkontaminasi
  • melalui direct contact dgn parasite
  • melalui gigitan serangga (nyamuk/tick)
  • melalui org ke org
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4
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Malaria

A

● penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Parasit Protozoa yang paling biasa di dunia, iaitu plasmodium
● Ia disebarkan oleh nyamuk betina genus Anopheles terutamanya Anopheles sundaicus & An. gambiae
● Parasit ini membiak dalam sel darah merah, menyebabkan simptom termasuk anemia dan simptom umum lain seperti demam, sejuk,
mual,selsema dan dalam kes teruk menyebabkan koma dan kematian
● Untuk merawat malaria, doktor biasanya mengesyorkan penggunaan ubat antimalaria (Chloroquine, Primaquine dll)
● Antimalarial drugs termasuklah mefloquine, chloroquine, proguanil with atovaquone and doxycycline.
● Membunuh dan merencat pertumbuhan protozoa dengan bertindak pada peringkat berbeza dalam kitaran hidup parasit.
● Boleh digunakan untuk merawat dan mencegah Malaria

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5
Q

Terangkan kitaran hidup malaria beserta cth ubat

A
  • Malarial Parasite (plasmodium) mempunyai dua Interdependent Life Cycles:
    (i) Asexual cycle: in the human & (ii) Sexual cycle: in the mosquito
  • Asexual cycle: two phases :
    (a) (Exoerythrocytic phase: occurs “outside” the erythrocyte )
  • Exoerythrocytic phase drug: primaquine
    (b) (Erythrocytic phase: occurs “inside” the erythrocyte)
  • Erythrocytic phase drugs: chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinine, mefloquine
  • May be used together for synergistic or additive killing power.
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6
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Amebiasis

A

● Jangkitan yang disebabkan oleh salah satu amoebae iaitu Entamoebae histolytica ( E. histolytica )di usus.
● Parasit ini menyebabkan cirit-birit, merosakkan perut dan saluran pencernaan.
● Parasit menjangkiti badan apabila anda minum air yang tidak bersih,
atau makan makanan yang tercemar.
● Apabila parasit memasuki saluran penghadaman kemudian berkembang biak dalam saluran pencernaan dan berhijrah ke usus besar. Di sana, mereka boleh memasuki dinding usus. Inilah yang menyebabkan cirit-birit berdarah, colitis(inflamasi colon), dan kerosakan tisu dalam usus manusia.
● Gejala utama yang berkaitan dengan amebiasis adalah ketidakselesaan perut, cirit-birit, merasa sakit, mual, keletihan berlebihan dan kehadiran darah atau rembesan di dalam najis.
● Rawatan amebiasis adalah sederhana

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7
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Trypanosomiasis

A
  • Dikenali sebagai Penyakit Chagas atau ‘kissing bugs’ .Merupakan penyakit berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh parasit Trypanosoma cruzi(T.cruzi)
  • Merebak melalui serangga triatomine.
  • Ia mengigit manusia yang seterusnya menjadi pembawa T. cruzi melalui tinja. Tinja dapat menginfeksi tubuh manusia dari hidung, mulut, atau luka gigitan itu sendiri.
  • Gejala yang muncul pada peringkat akut biasanya meliputi:Demam, ruam, luka, muntah, Cirit birit, tiada nafsu makan, bengkak pada kelopak mata
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8
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Leishmaniasis

A

● Disebabkan oleh protozoa genus Leishmania.
● Penyebaran spesies Leishmania berlaku melalui gigitan lalat genus
Lutzomiia, yang terkenal disebut nyamuk jerami, yang menggigit
manusia.

● Leishmaniasis datang melalui 3 bentuk iaitu:

  1. VISCERAL/KALA AZAR: disebabkan oleh Leishmania donovani
    - Visceral leishmaniasis-berlaku 2 hingga 8 bulan selepas digigit.Boleh menyebabkan kerosakan organ dalaman.
  2. CUTANEOUS: disebabkab oleh Leishmania tropica
    - Cutaneous leishmaniasis-menyebabkan ulser pada kulit.
  3. MUCO-CUTANEOUS: disebabkan oleh Leishmania braziliensis
    - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis- kesan pada kulit dan membran mukus.muncul 2-3 bulan selepas digigit.
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9
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Toxoplasmosis

A
  • penyakit berjangkit yang disebabkan oleh protozoa Toxoplasma gondii
  • Boleh ditemui pada najis kucing dan daging yang tidak dimasak dan air yang tercemar.
  • Toxoplasmosis boleh menyebabkan kematian dan kesan pada fetus sekiranya menjangkiti ibu yang mengandung.
  • Simptom yang sering dialami seperti demam,bengkak badan terutama pada lymph nodes
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10
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Giardiasis

A
  • Jangkitan pada usus yang disebabkan giardia lamblia.Kontaminasi terjadi melalui air yang mengandung giardia atau
    makanan yang terkontaminasi feses dari manusia atau haiwan yang sudah terinfeksi.
  • Simptom umum seperti : penat,cirit borot,kurang selera makan, muntah, nausea, cramps,excessive gas and sakit kepala.
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11
Q

Nyatakan kategori bg antiprotozoal agents & cth ubat

A

(1) 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives
Cth ubat :amodiaquine, chloroquine, dan hydroxychloroquine

(2) Diaminopyrimidines
Cth ubat :Pyrimethamine

(3) Primaquine
Cth ubat : Primaquine 7.5mg base tablet

(4) Miscellaneous Antiprotozoal
Cth ubat :metronidazole, tinidazole and nifuratel

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12
Q

Terangkan berkenaan 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives

A
  • Bentuk aminoquinoline dengan kumpulan amino di posisi ke empat pada rantaian quinoline.
  • Merupakan agen antimalaria bagi merawat jangkitan disebabkan oleh erythrocytic plasmodial infections
  • Boleh juga digunakan sebagai : anti-asthmatic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents.
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13
Q

Terangkan MOA bg 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives

A

MOA :

  • Mengikat pada “parasite nucleoproteins” seterusnya menganggu sintesis protein .
  • Menghalang dari “vital parasite-sustaining substances terbentuk.
  • Mengubah pH dalam parasit.
  • Mengganggu kemampuan parasit untuk memetabolisme dan menggunakan hemoglobin eritrosit.
  • Berkesan hanya semasa fasa eritrosit
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13
Q

Terangkan MOA bg 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives

A

MOA :

  • Mengikat pada “parasite nucleoproteins” seterusnya menganggu sintesis protein .
  • Menghalang dari “vital parasite-sustaining substances terbentuk.
  • Mengubah pH dalam parasit.
  • Mengganggu kemampuan parasit untuk memetabolisme dan menggunakan hemoglobin eritrosit.
  • Berkesan hanya semasa fasa eritrosit
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14
Q

Jelaskan bg 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives : Amodiaquine

A

Indication:- Digunakan bagi merawat Malaria termasuklah Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Side effect:minor to moderate and are similar to those of chloroquine. muscle problems, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and skin rash.

Drug Interaction: Increased liver toxicity in people with HIV/AIDS on zidovudine or efavirenz.

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15
Q

Jelaskan bg 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives : Chloroquine

A

-Chloroquine Phosphate 250 mg Tablet (150 mg Chloroquine base)
Brand name : Aralen

Indication:Treatment of malaria - acute attack

Side effect:. muscle problems, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and skin rash

Drug Interaction:reduces bioavailability of ampicillin, Cimetidine inhibits
metabolism of chloroquine raising plasma levels

16
Q

Jelaskan bg 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives : Hydroxychloroquine

A

Jelaskan bg 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives : Hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine Sulphate 200 mg Tablet
- Brand name : Plaquenil

Indication:prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains
sensitive to chloroquine

Side effects :vomiting, headache, changes in vision, and muscle weakness.Severe side effects may include allergic reactions, vision problems, and heart problems.

17
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Diaminopyrimidines

A
  • Boleh digunakan untuk merencat Toxoplasma gondi
  • Diaminopyrimidine more potent than proguanil & effective against erythrocytic forms of all species.

MOA :

  • Merencatkan “dihydrofolate reductase “ dalam parasit.
  • (a small enzyme that plays a supporting rolein the building of DNA and other processes)
  • Menghalang sintesis tetrahydrofolate.(Conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrafolic acid is inhibited )
18
Q

Jelaskan bagi Diaminopyrimidines : Pyrimethamine

A
  • Pyrimethamine 25 Mg Tablet Antimalarial Drugs
  • Brand name :Daraprim

MOA: Directly acting inhibitor of plasmodial DHFRase

Indication:used with leucovorin to treat the parasite diseases toxoplasmosis and cystoisosporiasis.

Adverse effect:Nausea,Rashes,Folate deficiency,Megaloblastic anaemia

19
Q

Jelaskan bagi Diaminopyrimidines : Sulfadoxine 500mg & Pyrimethamine 25mg tablet

A

Indication:
- Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in patients in whom
chloroquine resistance and malaria prophylaxis for travellers to areas
where chloroquine-resistant malaria is pendemic

20
Q

Jelaskan berkenaan Primaquine

A
  • Ubat exoerythrocytic . (Exoerythrocytic phase: occurs “outside” the erythrocyte )erythrocyrte=red blood sel / sel darah merah
  • It is largely used to prevent relapse of p. Ovale and P. Vivax malaria
  • Primaquine digunakan selepas ubat lain (such as chloroquine) membunuh parasit malaria yang terdapat di dalam RBC.Primaquine
    kemudian akan membunuh parasit yang terdapat di bahagian tisu badan yang lain dengan melekat dan mengubah DNA .Ini dapat mencegah dari jangkitan berulang.
  • It is not used for prophylaxis.
  • sulfonamides, tetracyclines, clindamycin used in combination with
    antimalarials to increase protozoacidal effects
21
Q

Jelaskan berkenaan Primaquine 7.5 mg base Tablet

A
  • Brand name: Jasoprim, Malirid, Neo-Quipenyl, Pimaquin,

Indication:Treatment of malaria & Prophylaxis together with a schizonticide such as chloroquine

Side Effect: Arrhytmia,dizziness,skin

22
Q

Jelaskan berkenaan Miscellaneous Antiprotozoals

A

(i) Metronidazole (Flagyl) is the most common treatment for trichomoniasis and giardiasis.
- Bertindak dengan memusnahkan DNA protozoal.
- Tindakan:Bactericidal, amebicidal, trichomonacidal

23
Q

(ii) Tinidazole(brand name: Tindamax)

A
  • works as well as metronidazole and has many of the same side effects, but it can be given in a single dose.

Kesan sampingan Metronidazole dan Tinidazole: Nausea and vomiting,Unpleasant metallic taste,Furred tongue,Oral mucositis

Amaran berjaga-jaga:patients with blood disorders, central nervous system disease and severe hepatic impairment,Pregnant women.

24
Q

(iii) Nifuratel (Brand name:Macmiror)

A
  • can be used as an alternative to metronidazole or tinidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis.

Side effect:Gastrointestinal disturbances, Damage to the peripheral nervous system & easy or excessive bruising and bleeding

Amaran berjaga-jaga:Should not be given to patients with renal impairment, neuropathies or G6PD deficiency

25
Q

Terangkan berkenaan Atovaquone

A

-Brand name:Mepron

Indication : pneumonia. It works by stopping the growth of certain types of protozoa that can cause pneumonia.

MOA:Protozoal energy comes from the mitochondria. selective inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. no energy, leading to cellular death. Used to treat mild to moderate P. carinii

Side effetc: nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,headache,dizziness,anxiety, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

26
Q

Terangkan Pentamidine

A
  • Brand Name:Nebupent, Pentam

MOA:Inhibits DNA and RNA, Binds to and aggregates ribosomes, Directly lethal to Pneumocystis carinii, Inhibits glucose metabolism, protein and RNA synthesis, and intracellular amino acid transport,
- Mainly used to treat P. carinii pneumonia and other protozoal infections

Side Effects:Bronchospasms, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, acute pancreatitis, acute renal failure, increased liver function

27
Q

Nasihat sepanjang pengambilan antiprotozoal drugs

A

● Complete the recommended course of treatment and take the correct dose as instructed.
● Antiprotozoal drugs can interact with other medicines. Inform your doctor of the medicines you are taking, including over-the-counter medicines, so they can decide whether an antiprotozoal medicine is safe for you to take.
● Inform your doctor of your medical history, as some diseases may warrant special precautionary measures.
● Inform your doctor that you are pregnant or breast feeding as some of the oral antiprotozoal drugs should not be taken by women who are
pregnant or breast feeding.

28
Q

Cara penyimpanan oral antiprotozoal drugs

A

● Oral antiprotozoal drugs should be kept in a cool and dry place.
● Unless specified on the label, medicines should not be stored in refrigerators.
● Furthermore, drugs should be kept properly in places unreachable by children to prevent accidental ingestion.