antivirals

Question 1

viral particles (virions) characteristics

Answer 1

• outer coating with protein spikes
• lipoprotein envelope
• inner proteins (specific to virus)
• nucleic acid core (RNA/DNA)
• coat/capsid

Question 2

what is a virus

Answer 2

tiny microorganism that infects and replicates inside host cell
- uses host machinery to make proteins
- cannot replicate on its own

Question 3

covid virus name

Answer 3

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2)

Question 4

covid disease name

Answer 4

coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)
- disease gives symptoms

Question 5

problems of viral treatments

Answer 5

• viruses live inside host cells
• viral infections initially asymptomatic

Question 6

what is the best response to a viral infection

Answer 6

healthy immune system
- immunocompromised patients have frequent viral infections

Question 7

viruses controlled by antiviral therapy

Answer 7

• cytomegalovirus
• hepatitis viruses
• herpes virus
• HIV
• influenza viruses
• respiratory syncytial virus

Question 8

what do antiretroviral drugs treat

Answer 8

treat HIV

Question 9

what do antiviral drugs treat

Answer 9

viral infections

Question 10

HIV

Answer 10

human immunodeficiency virus
- attack helper T cells
- long term leads to AIDs (lack of T cells)
- transmitted by fluids
- RNA –> DNA with reverse transcriptase

Question 11

AIDs

Answer 11

helper T cells diminished and body likely to develop other infections
- opportunistic infections
- no symptoms until other infections show up

Question 12

types of opportunistic infections from AIDs

Answer 12

• protozoal
• fungal
• viral
• bacterial
• opportunistic neoplasias (kaposi’s sarcoma)

Question 13

antiretroviral types

Answer 13

• reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• protease inhibitors
• integrase inhibitors

Question 14

reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI)

Answer 14

block activity of reverse transcriptase

Question 15

RTI subclasses

Answer 15

• nucleoside RTI (nucleoside drug into chain)
• non-nucleoside RTI (drug binds to enzyme and stops it)

Question 16

nucleoside RTI example

Answer 16

zidovudine (AZT: azidothymidine)

Question 17

RTI adverse effects

Answer 17

bone marrow suppression (anemia and neutropenia)

Question 18

protease inhibitors

Answer 18

inhibit protease enzyme which makes protein chains into functional proteins

Question 19

protease inhibitors adverse effect

Answer 19

• hyperglycemia
• new/exacerbate diabetes

Question 20

protease inhibitor example

Answer 20

ritonavir

Question 21

ritonzavir interactions

Answer 21

• many drug-drug interactions
• CYP inhibitor (metabolism reduced)

Question 22

integrase inhibitors

Answer 22

inhibits insertion of HIV DNA into t cell DNA
- HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)

Question 23

what is HIV combination therapy called

Answer 23

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Question 24

why combination therapy?

Answer 24

hiv mutates often (mistakes in dna which cause drug resistance)

Question 25

types of drug combinations

Answer 25

- 2 NRTIs = 1 NNRTI - 2 NRTIs = 1 or 2 protease inhibitors - BIKTARVY: integrase inhibitor + 2 NRTIs

Question 26

pre exposure prophylaxis

Answer 26

HIV prevention for people at risk of being exposed - daily drug regime - 2 RTI combination

Question 27

post exposure prophylaxis

Answer 27

drugs taken soon after possible HIV exposure to prevent possible infection - start within 3 days - lasts 28 days - integrase inhibitor and 2 RTIs

Question 28

most common influenza virus

Answer 28

influenza A (96%) - H & N surface proteins

Question 29

chronic hepatitis strains

Answer 29

B and C

Question 29

herpesvirus group

Answer 29

varicella zoster virus - chickenpox (varicella) - shingles (herpes zoster) herpes simplex virus - HSV-1 (oral) - HSV-2 (genital) cytomegalovirus

Question 30

drugs for influenza virus

Answer 30

neuraminidase inhibitors - prevents release of virus from host cell - can be used prophylactically

Question 31

neuraminidase inhibitor example

Answer 31

oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Question 32

newer flu drug

Answer 32

baloxavir - single dose - equal effectiveness to oseltamivir

Question 33

drugs for herpes virus (VZV & HSV)

Answer 33

DNA polymerase inhibitors - stops viral DNA synthesis - synthetic nucleosides

Question 34

DNA polymerase example for HSV and VZV

Answer 34

acyclovir - oral, topical, parenteral

Question 35

drugs for herpesvirus (CMV)

Answer 35

DNA polymerase inhibitor - Ganciclovir - oral and parenteral - surgically implanted ophthalmic form

Question 36

CMV

Answer 36

- high risk in immunocomproised - common in AIDs - loss of vision

Question 37

ribavirin

Answer 37

- synthetic nucleoside - PO or nasal inhalation - for RSV and hepatitis C