Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pharm > fluids and blood products > Flashcards

fluids and blood products Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what percent of adults is water? infants?

A

60% adults
80% infants
total body water (TBW)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the compartments of TBW and their percentages

A
  1. intracellular fluid (67%)
  2. extracellular fluid (33%)
    2a. interstitial fluid (25% of ECF)
    2b. plasma (8% of ECF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

do iv fluids directly change ECF or ICF

A

IV fluids directly change ECF which indirectly affect ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

compartments of ECF

A

interstitial fluid (electrolytes)
blood (plasma and cells)
- plasma (electrolytes)
- plasma proteins
- RBCs
- platelets
- WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is distribution of fluid in ECF (between plasma and IF) determined

A

bulk flow (starling forces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 main pressures in bulk flow

A

hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure): out
colloid osmotic pressure (from plasma proteins): in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of water imbalance on the body

A

retention (edema, hypertension - diuretics)
dehydration (fixed with IV fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

reasons for IV fluid administration

A
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • blood compartment deficiencies
  • nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 types of IV fluids

A
  • crystalloids
  • colloids
  • blood and blood products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

crystalloids

A

water + small fully dissolved molecules
- electrolytes (Na, K, Cl)
- molecules (glucose, lactate)

no proteins or large molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does saline consist of

A

sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is normal saline

A

the same concentration of sodium chloride as in the body (~154 mmol/L)
- 0.9% sodium chloride
- 0.9gNaCl/100mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is normosol

A

NaCl, K, more things in it, more closely mimics. ECF composition (expensive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

half normal saline

A

0.45% sodium chloride (hypotonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is normal cell osmolarity

A

300mOsm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

isotonic solution

A

IF = 300mOsm/L (fluid not moving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypotonic solution

A

IF = 290 mOsm/L (water follows concentration gradient and enters cell, cell swells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypertonic solution

A

IF = 330 mOsm/L (water leaves cell, cell shrinks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

crystalloids examples

A
  • normal saline (0.9%NaCl)
  • half NS (0.45% NaCl)
  • hypertonic saline (3% NaCl)
  • lactated ringer’s
  • normosol/plasmalyte
  • D5W, dextrose 5% in water (300 mOsm/L, give water with glucose, body uses the glucose and leaves the water so it acts like a hypotonic solution)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

uses of crystalloids

A

treating dehydration
- from volume loss (diarrhea, vomiting
maintain fluids
- compensate for fluid loss (NS)
- replace fluids (NS)
- manage specific fluid and electrolyte disturbances (ringer’s lactate)
- promote urinary flow (NS)
- expand plasma volume (3% NaCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

isotonic loss

A

lose water and particles (less volume but same concentration)
- normal saline given (isotonic fluid)
- ex) blood loss, vomit, diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hypotonic loss

A

lose more water than particles (less volume and more concentrated ECF)
- hypotonic solution given to balance hypertonic ECF (half normal saline)
- hypertonic contraction
- ex) sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

crystalloids indications

A
  • acute liver failure
  • acute nephrosis
  • burns
  • hypovolemic shock
  • renal dialysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

crystalloids adverse effects

A
  • edema (peripheral or pulmonary - fluid overload too quickly, fluid in interstitial spaces out of blood)
  • may dilute plasma proteins (long term use)
  • effects may be short lived
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do colloids do
enhance colloid osmotic pressure - move fluid from interstitial compartment to plasma compartment - plasma volume expanders (restore BP) - initiate diuresis (ex. remove ascites in pt with portal hypertension) colloids stay in blood (too big to leave capillaries) hypertonic crystalloids can also be plasma volume expanders
26
colloids examples
- dextran 40 or 70 (big glucose polymers) - hetastarch/hydroxyethyl starch - modified gelatin - albumin (from human donors)
27
colloid indications
- trauma - burns - sepsis - hypovolemic shock
28
colloid adverse effects
usually safe - concerns in renal failure - may cause altered coagulation - lowered oxygen-carrying capacity
29
blood and blood product examples
- whole blood - RBC products (carry O2) - platelets - increase of other blood products (ex. clotting factors from plasma) - plasma blood products can be given in NS require human donors
30
indications of packed RBC and whole blood
to increase oxygen carrying capacity - anemia - substantial hemoglobin deficits - blood loss >25%
31
indications of fresh frozen plasma (FPP)
increase clotting factor levels in clients with demonstrated deficiency - coagulation disorder - ex. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
32
what is cryoprecipitate and plasma protein factors
not straight plasma but a part of it (more specific to pt needs) - ex. fibrinogen, factor VIII, prothrombin complex concentrates - indication ex. hemophilia
33
blood product adverse effects
- transfusion reaction (blood type and crossmatch) - transmission of pathogens to recipient (hep b&c, HIV)
34
client care
- administer colloids slowly - monitor for fluid overload and possible heart failure - monitor for signs of transfusion reactions
35
crystalloids advantages
few side effects, low cost, wide availability
36
crystalloids disadvantages
short duration of action, may cause edema
37
colloids advantages
longer duration of action, less fluid required to correct hypovolemia
38
colloids disadvantages
higher cost, may cause volume overload, may interfere with clotting, risk of anaphylactic shock
39
principal ECF electrolytes
sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl)
40
principal ICF electrolyte
potassium (K)
41
other electrolytes common in body
calcium, magnesium, phosphorus
42
what is potassium responsible for
- skeletal muscle contraction - transmission of nerve impulses - regulation of heartbeat - maintenance of acid-base balance
43
normal ECF level
3.5-5 mmol/L
44
foods high in potassium
fruit, fish, vegetables, poultry, meats, dairy products
45
excess dietary potassium is excreted with?
the kidneys
46
what is hypokalemia
potassium deficiency - <3.5 mmol/L - not usually dietary but from - excessive potassium loss
47
hypokalemia causes
- loop & thiazide diuretics - vomiting - diarrhea
48
hypokalemia adverse effects
- muscle weakness/ lethargy - cardiac dysrhythmias (irregular pulse) - paralytic ileus (decrease in bowel motility)
49
hypokalemia treatment/prevention
- diet - oral preparations/supplements (harsh on GI tract: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, GI bleeding, ulceration - sustained tablet release better) - IV administration (pain at injection site, phlebitis, must be at a slow rate)
50
hyperkalemia
excessive serum K levels >5 mmol/L
51
hyperkalemia causes
- potassium sparing diuretics - ACE inhibitors (RAAS)
52
hyperkalemia adverse effects
- cardiac dysrhythmias (possible v fib and cardiac arrest) - muscle weakness/paralysis - paresthesia (tingling)
53
hyperkalemia treatment
- Iv sodium bicarbonate, calcium salts, dextrose with insulin (insul encourages cells to take up potassium) - hemodialysis
54
client care for K administration
monitor parenteral infusions closely - rate shouldn't exceed 10 mmol/L - never give as IV bolus or undiluted oral forms of K should be diluted in H2O or juice to minimize GI irritation
55
normal blood concentrations of Na
135-145 mmol/L
56
food high in Na
salt, fish, meats, foods flavoured or preserved with salt
57
what is Na responsible for
- control of water distribution - fluid and electrolyte balance - osmotic pressure of body fluids - participant is acid-base balance
58
hyponatremia
sodium loss or deficiency <135 mmol/L
59
hyponatremia symptoms
lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures
60
hyponatremia causes
- loop & thiazide diuretics - prolonged diarrhea or vomiting - renal disorders
61
hypernatremia
sodium excess >145 mmol/L
62
hypernatremia symptoms
- edema - hypertension - red, flushed skin - dry, sticky mucous membranes - increased thirst - increased temperature - decreased urine output
63
hypernatremia causes
- kidney malfunction - inadequate water consumption or dehydration
64
hypernatremia treatment/preventions
- diet - mild: oral sodium chloride and/or fluid restriction - severe: IV NS or lactated ringers
65
therapeutic response to electrolyte imbalance treatment
- normal lab values (RBC, WBC, Hgb, Hct, electrolytes) - improved fluid volume status - increased tolerance to activities

pharm (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions