Antivirals

Question 1

Instead of being alive or dead, viruses are what?

Answer 1

Active or inactive

Question 2

Define how viruses are considered obligate intracellular parasites

Answer 2

• Cannot multiply unless they invade a specific host cell
• Must instruct the genetic and metabolic machinery of the host cell to make and release new viruses

Question 3

Viruses are considered ______ instead of organisms

Answer 3

infectious particles

Question 4

Differentiate between lysogenic vs lytic viral cycles

Answer 4

Lysogenic - slow release; prolonged (years to decades)
Lytic - burst host cell; acute/self-limiting infection (24-hour stomach bug)

Question 5

Plants have ______ viruses than animals

Answer 5

More

Question 6

Viruses lack _______-synthesizing machinery

Answer 6

protein

Question 7

Viruses vs bacteria nucleic acids

Answer 7

Viruses - DNA or RNA (ss or ds)
Bacteria - DNA only

Question 8

What 2 parts do viruses have that are required to invade and control a host cell?

Answer 8

• External coating (capsid)
• Core containing nucleic acids

Question 9

What are the 3 classes of viruses?

Answer 9

DNA, RNA, and retroviruses

Question 10

Are retroviruses DNA or RNA based?

Answer 10

RNA

Question 11

What is the only retrovirus?

Answer 11

HIV

Question 12

What enzyme are retroviruses named after?

Answer 12

reverse transcriptase

Question 13

A _______ is the protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid

Answer 13

Capsid

Question 14

A naked virus only consists of a ______

Answer 14

nucleocapsid

Question 15

_______ is a capsid and nucleic acid together

Answer 15

Nucleocapsid

Question 16

_______ allow viruses to dock with their host cells

Answer 16

Spikes

Question 17

The _______ is usually a modified piece of the host cell membrane

Answer 17

Envelope

Question 18

A _______ is a fully formed virus able to establish infection in a host

Answer 18

Virion

Question 19

A virus family has the suffix _____

Answer 19

-viridae

Question 20

A virus genera has the suffix _____

Answer 20

-virus

Question 21

What are the 5 steps of viral replication?

Answer 21

1. Absorption
2. Penetration
3. Synthesis
4. Maturation
5. Release

Question 22

______ is the step of viral replication where the virus attaches to the host cell via a matching viral spike

Answer 22

absorption

Question 23

______ is the step of viral replication where virions enter into host cells

Answer 23

penetration

Question 24

_____ is the type of viral penetration that includes the entire virus entering the cell

Answer 24

uncoating

Question 25

What is synthesized during the synthesis phase of viral replication?

Answer 25

new nucleic acids, capsid proteins, and other viral components

Question 26

______ is the step of viral replication where the assembly of newly synthesized viral components into complete virions

Answer 26

maturation

Question 27

______ is the step of viral replication where virions leave the host cells

Answer 27

release

Question 28

What are the 3 viral infections that only occur in certain regions?

Answer 28

Dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Yellow fever

Question 29

Antivirals have only been available since the late _____

Answer 29

1970s

Question 30

It is difficult to design therapies against viruses because they ___________

Answer 30

mutate at a rapid rate

Question 31

Which drug is considered the prototype for antiviral drugs that inhibit viral DNA synthesis?

Answer 31

Acyclovir

Question 32

What does acyclovir look similar to? What is the difference?

Answer 32

the normal nucleotide bases - missing hydroxyl group

Question 33

When viruses mistakes acyclovir for dGTP, _______ is irreversible

Answer 33

chain termination

Question 34

Acyclovir _____ safe in pregnant women

Answer 34

is

Question 35

What are the 3 indications for acyclovir therapy?

Answer 35

HSV1, HSV2, and VZV infections

Question 36

HIV targets which cells?

Answer 36

T-cells - CD4+

Question 37

What is the main drug used to treat HIV?

Answer 37

Zidovudine (Azidothymidine, AZT)

Question 38

What is the MOA of Zidovudine (Azidothymidine, AZT)?

Answer 38

Inhibitor of reverse transcriptase

Question 39

What is the drug combination therapy called to treat HIV?

Answer 39

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

Question 40

What is the MOA of lamivudine?

Answer 40

Inhibits HBV DNA polymerase and HIV reverse transcriptase

Question 41

What is the medication called that prevents HIV infections?

Answer 41

PrEP - Cabotegrovir (blocks integration)

Question 42

What are the 2 main drugs used to treat HIV?

Answer 42

Zidovudine (Azidothymidine, AZT) Lamivudine

Question 43

The CDC recommends flu vaccine for who?

Answer 43

EVERYONE 6 months and older every year

Question 44

Differentiate between Influenza Type A and Type B

Answer 44

A - Causes moderate to severe illness; Affects all age groups B - Milder illness; Primarily has had an impact on adolescents and schoolchildren

Question 45

Influenza subtypes are determined by what?

Answer 45

cell surface antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Question 46

The cell surface antigen that has a role in virus attachment to cells is ________

Answer 46

hemagglutinin (H1, H2, H3)

Question 47

The cell surface antigen that has a role in virus penetration to cells is ________

Answer 47

neuraminidases (N1, N2)

Question 48

What are the 3 antivirals used to treat influenza?

Answer 48

Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) Zanamivir (Relenza) Baloxivir marboxil (Xofluza)

Question 49

Xofluza may reduce the length of flu duration by about _____

Answer 49

a day

Question 50

Which antiviral for the treatment of the flu must be taken when exposed?

Answer 50

Relenza

Question 51

What is the contraindication for taking Relenza for the flu?

Answer 51

Not recommended for people with asthma or COPD

Question 52

What is the contraindication for taking Xofluza for the flu?

Answer 52

Not recommended for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, outpatients with progressive or complicated illness, or hospitalized patients (not enough information available in these populations)

Question 53

What are the 4 FDA-approved treatments for covid?

Answer 53

Paxlovid Remdesivir COVID mabs Dexamethasone

Question 54

What is the MOA of Remdesivir for treatment of covid?

Answer 54

chain terminator

Question 55

What is the MOA of mabs for treatment of covid?

Answer 55

Block COVID entry into cells

Question 56

What is the MOA of dexamethasone for treatment of covid?

Answer 56

cytokine suppression of cytokine storm

Question 57

What is the name of the naturally occurring human cell product that can be used in preventing and treating viral infections?

Answer 57

Interferon (IFN)

Question 58

What are the several known (4) coronaviruses that can cause respiratory infections in humans?

Answer 58

- Common cold - Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) - Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) - COVID-19