anxiety

Question 1

Noradrenaline in GAD

Answer 1

Systems are overactive - central and peripheral

Question 2

Serotonin in GAD

Answer 2

Lack of SA:
- in BG (inadequately processing info)
- Cerebral Cortex (inadequately execute appropriate responses
-Limbic cortex/Amygdala (emotion/control of hypothalamus)

• helps silence neurons therefore lack of it means overactive brain

Question 3

Noradrenaline in OCD

Answer 3

Less cerebellar and sympathetic outflow than GAD

Question 4

Serotonin in OCD

Answer 4

Lack of SA:
- in BG/ thalamus (inadequately interpret/ processing info)
- Cerebral Cortex (less focused info from environment)
- Hippocampus (disturbances in memory processes
-Limbic cortex/Amygdala (emotion/control of hypothalamus)

• helps silence neurons therefore lack of it means overactive brain
• difference to GAD is hippocampus effect

Question 5

Dopamine in OCD

Answer 5

increased DA function in basal ganglia, produces repetition of habits
* difference between OCD and GAD

Question 6

Relationship between Hippocampus, Amygdala and Hypothalamus in PTSD

Answer 6

Hypo = regulates ANS (but doesnt in anxiety)
Hippo = meant to inhibt the hypo (but doesnt due to amygdala taking over) - shrinks overtime
amy = meant to activate hypo - grows in size, works harder in anxiety/ptsd

Question 7

Two ways to silence the overactive brain

Answer 7

• increase negative charge into the neuron (Cl-)
• enhance inhibitory neurotransmission (IPSP), enhance GABA receptor activation to enhance Cl-

Question 8

GABA receptor agonists (not very selective)

Answer 8

Barbiturates

Question 9

More selective - GABA receptor agonists

Answer 9

benzodiazepines

Question 10

negatives of barbiturates

Answer 10

high incidence of side effects, highly addictive

Question 11

Benzos & GABA

Answer 11

benos enhance the effect of GABA on its receptor - have their own binding sites (Bz1,Bz2)

Question 12

GABA-A receptor binds to what … to enhance…

Answer 12

bind both GABA and Benzos to enhance receptor function on the dendrite of the neuron

Question 13

beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists are used for what ?

Answer 13

decrease noradrenaline to treat anxiety

Question 14

Are drugs decreasing noradrenaline effective for anxiety?

Answer 14

only for peripheral effects (not really effective)

Question 15

what receptor does Seratonin bind to

Answer 15

5-HT1A

Question 16

what do the 5-HT receptors release into the neuron when serotonin binds

Answer 16

inhibitory G protein

Question 17

what do Gi proteins do

Answer 17

create IPSP’s

Question 18

what do SSRI’s do to increase IPSPs

Answer 18

block seratonin transporter that brings SA back into presynaptic terminal - keeps SA in terminal so it can bind to 5-HT1A receptors

Question 19

what happens when seratonin stays in the synapse

Answer 19

the effect of serotonin lasts longer and more receptors are bound by it

Question 20

reduced levels of SA in anxiety can be alleviated by SSRIs and what other way?

Answer 20

5HT1A-R agonist

Question 21

what action do 5HT1A R agonists have?

Answer 21

act like serotonin and bind to 5-HT1A receptors

Question 22

why do SSRI’s not work for inital 2 weeks

Answer 22

because 5-HT receptors are also on the presynaptic terminal that are more sensitive and so SA / 5HT agonists bind on them first (meaning they have less effect)

Question 23

why do SSRIs take effect after the two weeks

Answer 23

presynaptic 5HT receptors are very sensitive so they hide (go back into the cell) if they are used too much

Question 24

Role of cortisol in PTSD

Answer 24

Cortisol shrinks hippocampus w