Anxiety

Question 1

Q: What is the main characteristic of anxiety?

Answer 1

A: A negative mood state with physical tension and future apprehension

Question 2

What is the key difference between expected and unexpected panic attacks?

Answer 2

A: Expected attacks have a known trigger, while unexpected attacks occur without warning.

Question 3

Why is moderate anxiety beneficial?

Answer 3

A: It enhances physical and intellectual performance.

Question 4

What physiological changes occur during the flight-or-fight response?

Answer 4

A: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension.

Question 5

Q: Which symptom is not associated with a panic attack: chest pain, fear of dying, increased appetite, or derealization?

Answer 5

A: Increased appetite.

Question 6

Q: Anxiety is a future-oriented mood state characterized by physical tension and __________ about upcoming events.

Answer 6

A: Apprehension.

Question 7

How is panic defined in psychopathology?

Answer 7

A: An abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort.

Question 8

Q: Which part of the nervous system triggers the flight-or-fight response?

Answer 8

A: The autonomic nervous system.

Question 9

What neurotransmitter system is associated with increased anxiety when depleted?

A) Dopaminergic system
B) Serotonergic system
C) GABA–benzodiazepine system
D) Noradrenergic system

Answer 9

Answer: C) GABA–benzodiazepine system

Question 10

Which brain system is most associated with anxiety?

A) Prefrontal cortex
B) Limbic system
C) Brain stem
D) Hypothalamus

Answer 10

Answer: B) Limbic system

Question 11

What does the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) primarily cause when activated?

A) Fight or flight
B) Relaxation
C) Freezing and anxiety
D) Increased pleasure

Answer 11

Answer: C) Freezing and anxiety

Question 12

Which brain circuit is responsible for panic-like responses?

A) BIS
B) Limbic system
C) Fight/Flight System (FFS)
D) HPA axis

Answer 12

Answer: C) Fight/Flight System (FFS)

Question 13

Which factor increases the risk of developing anxiety disorders in adulthood?

A) Consuming caffeine
B) Teen smoking
C) Early social success
D) High serotonin levels

Answer 13

Answer: B) Teen smoking

Question 14

Anxiety disorders are influenced by biological, __________, and social factors.

Answer 14

Answer: psychological

Question 15

The __________ system activates the HPA axis, playing a central role in anxiety.

Answer 15

Answer: corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

Question 16

The __________ system mediates signals from the brain stem to the cortex.

Answer 16

Answer: limbic

Question 17

The __________ circuit produces a panic-like alarm response.

Answer 17

Answer: fight/flight (FFS)

Question 18

Anxiety sensitivity is the tendency to fear __________ sensations.

Answer 18

Answer: bodily

Question 19

What role does the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system play in anxiety?

Answer 19

It activates the HPA axis, affecting brain areas like the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.

Question 20

Differentiate between anxiety, fear and panic.

Answer 20

Focus:

Anxiety: Worry about future events.
Fear: Response to an immediate threat.
Panic: Sudden intense fear without real danger.

**Emotional Response:
**
Anxiety: Apprehension and unease.
Fear: Urge to escape or defend.
Panic: Overwhelming dread and helplessness.

Physical Symptoms:

Anxiety: Muscle tension, restlessness.
Fear: Rapid heartbeat, sweating.
Panic: Chest pain, dizziness, shaking.
Trigger:

Anxiety: Anticipation of possible threats.
Fear: Presence of actual danger.
Panic: Often occurs unexpectedly, even in safe situations.

Question 21

Priya has an important exam tomorrow. She feels restless, has trouble sleeping, and keeps thinking about what will happen if she fails. Her heart races every time she looks at her notes.

What is Priya experiencing?

A) Fear
B) Panic
C) Anxiety
D) Depression

Answer 21

c) anxiety

Question 22

Rohan is walking through a park when a stray dog suddenly runs toward him, barking loudly. His heart pounds, and he immediately backs away, looking for safety.

Which emotional response is Rohan experiencing?

A) Anxiety
B) Panic
C) Depression
D) Fear

Answer 22

Fear

Question 23

Meera is sitting in a café when she suddenly feels her heart racing, starts sweating, and feels like she might faint, even though nothing around her seems threatening.

What type of episode is Meera experiencing?

A) Expected panic attack
B) Unexpected panic attack
C) Anxiety
D) Fear

Answer 23

b) unexpected panic attack

Question 24

WHat is the role of the limbic system?

Answer 24

The limbic system acts as a mediator between the brain stem and the cortex.

The more primitive brain stem monitors and senses changes in bodily functions and relays these potential danger signals to higher cortical processes through the limbic system.

Question 25

What is the role of the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) in anxiety?

Answer 25

Answer: The BIS is responsible for detecting potential threats, causing the body to freeze and evaluate the situation, leading to feelings of anxiety.

Question 26

How does the fight/flight system differ from the BIS?

Answer 26

The fight/flight system triggers an immediate alarm and escape response resembling panic, while the BIS promotes freezing and cautious evaluation.

Question 27

Which brain structures are involved in the fight/flight system?

Answer 27

Answer: The fight/flight system involves the brain stem, amygdala, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and central grey matter.

Question 28

TRUE OR FALSE? a) The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is triggered by expected events. b) The amygdala plays a significant role in enhancing the BIS response.

Answer 28

a) false b) true

Question 29

According to Freud, anxiety is a reaction to: A) Childhood trauma B) Repressed desires C) Danger surrounding the reactivation of an infantile fearful situation D) Unconscious conflict

Answer 29

Danger surrounding the reactivatioon of an infantile fearful sistuation

Question 30

Behavioral theorists believed anxiety was caused by: A) Unconscious fears B) Early classical conditioning, modeling, or other forms of learning C) Genetic factors D) Traumatic life events

Answer 30

b) early classical conditioning, modeling, or other forms of learning.

Question 31

What psychological factor contributes to vulnerability to anxiety? A) Overconfidence B) A sense of uncontrollability C) Genetic inheritance D) Positive childhood experiences

Answer 31

Answer: B) A sense of uncontrollability

Question 32

What is the triple vulnerability theory ?

Answer 32

The Triple Vulnerability Theory explains how anxiety develops through three factors working together: Generalized Biological Vulnerability: This refers to inherited traits that make someone more likely to feel anxious, like being naturally high-strung or sensitive to stress. However, this alone doesn’t cause anxiety. Generalized Psychological Vulnerability: This comes from early life experiences, where a person develops a belief that the world is unpredictable and dangerous. If someone grows up feeling like they can’t handle challenges, they are more likely to experience anxiety later in life. Specific Psychological Vulnerability: This happens when a person learns to fear specific things or situations, often from their environment or caregivers. For example, if a parent is afraid of dogs or social judgment, a child might also develop those fears.

Question 33

Define comorbidity

Answer 33

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual is referred to as comorbidity.

Question 34

GAD is characterized by excessive worry that lasts for at least _______ months.

Answer 34

Six

Question 35

One cognitive characteristic of GAD is _______ of uncertainty, meaning individuals with GAD are less tolerant of unpredictable situations. Answer: intolerance

Answer 35

- Intolerance

Question 36

A common physical symptom of GAD is _______ tension, which is a result of chronic anxiety. ​

Answer 36

Muscle

Question 37

____________ and are most often prescribed for generalized anxiety

Answer 37

Benzodiazepines are most often prescribed for generalized anxiety

Question 38

Antidepressants have proven to be an effective treatment to anxiety disorders. true or false?

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Which of the following is a common characteristic of agoraphobia? a) Excessive worry about minor events b) Fear of being unable to escape a situation c) Fear of gaining weight d) Fear of contamination

Answer 39

Answer: b) Fear of being unable to escape a situation

Question 40

What are nocturnal panic attacks?

Answer 40

Nocturnal panic attacks occur during delta wave or slow-wave sleep, which typically occurs several hours after we fall asleep and is the deepest stage of sleep. People with panic disorder often begin to panic when they start sinking into delta sleep, and then they awaken in the midst of an attack.

Question 41

What is the role of "learned alarms" in panic disorder, and give two examples of cues that might trigger a panic attack?

Answer 41

"Learned alarms" are internal or external cues that become associated with panic attacks through conditioning. An example of an internal cue is an increased heart rate during exercise, and an example of an external cue is being in a movie theatre where a panic attack first occurred.

Question 42

________are currently the indicated drug for panic disorder based on all available evidence, although sexual dysfunction seems to occur in 75 percent or more of people taking these medications

Answer 42

Selective serotonin inihibtors

Question 43

_______________ concentrates on exposing patients with panic disorder to the cluster of interoceptive sensations that remind them of their panic attacks.

Answer 43

PCT Panic control treatment The therapist attempts to create “mini” panic attacks in the office by having the patients exercise to elevate their heart rates or perhaps by spinning them in a chair to make them dizzy.

Question 44

Situational phobias typically involve a fear of __________ or enclosed places.

Answer 44

b) public transportation

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a situational phobia? a) Fear of deep water b) Fear of snakes c) Fear of flying d) Fear of the dark

Answer 45

fear of flying