Chap 11: lifespan and development (3) Flashcards
Based on their attachment experiences,
children develop __________ of the dynamics of close relationships that influence their future interactions with a wide range of people.
Internal working models.
What was Freud’s theory on personality development?
He claimed that the basic foundation of an individual’s personality is firmly laid down by age five.
What are the assumptions made in stage theories?
(1) Individuals must progress through
specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage.
(2) Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
(3) Development is marked by major discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior.
Explain Erik Erikson’s theory on development.
Erikson divided life into 8 stages, each with a psychosocial crisis that shapes personality.
Each crisis involves a struggle between two opposing tendencies. Though the names suggest either-or outcomes, Erikson viewed each stage as a tug of war-that determined the subsequent balance between opposing polarities in personality.
Explain the first two stages of Erik Erikson’s theory on development.
The first stage is Trust versus Mistrust, which is about the first year of life. It focuses on how an infant’s needs are met by caregivers and how it affects their attitude towards the world.
The second stage is Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt, which is about the second and third years of life. It focuses on how parents regulate the child’s behavior and how it affects their sense of self-sufficiency.
Explain the 3rd and 4th stages by Erik Erikson’s theory.
Erikson’s third stage (ages 3-6) is about initiative versus guilt. Children experiment and take initiatives that may sometimes conflict with their parents’ rules. Overcontrolling parents may instill feelings of guilt and affect self-esteem. Parents need to balance supporting their children’s emerging independence while maintaining appropriate controls.
In the fourth stage (ages 6-puberty), children learn to function socially beyond the family. Those who function effectively in this less nurturing social sphere should learn to value achievement and take pride in accomplishment, resulting in a sense of competence.
What are the criticisms on Erik Erickson’s theory?
Erikson’s theory explains both continuity and transition in personality development by connecting early experiences to adult personality and showing how social relationships stimulate growth.
However, it heavily relies on case studies and provides an idealized description of typical development, which limits its ability to explain personality differences among individuals.
What theory did Piaget suggest on development?
Piaget suggested that children go through four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (birth to age two), preoperational (ages two to seven), concrete operational (ages 7 to 11), and formal operational (ages 11 onward).
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Differentiate between assimilation and accommodation.
According to Piaget, children progress in their thinking through the complementary processes of assimilation and accommodation.
Assimilation involves interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them.
In contrast, accommodation involves changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.
Explain the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive theory of development.
Piaget’s first stage of development is called the sensorimotor period, which lasts from birth to about age two.
- During this stage, infants learn to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions.
- The major development during this stage is the gradual appearance of symbolic thought. By the end of the stage, the child can use mental symbols to represent objects.
- Object permanence is gained here
What is the preoperational period?
During the ages of two to seven, children start to develop their ability to use mental images. However, their thinking during this stage, called the preoperational period, still has some limitations according to Piaget.
Define conservation.
Conservation is Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite changes in their shape or appearance.
Why are preoperational children unable to solve conservation problems?
According to Piaget, their inability to understand conservation is due to some
basic flaws in preoperational thinking.
These flaws include irreversibility,centration and egocentrism.
Define centration.
Centration is the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.
Define irreversibility.
Irreversibility is the inability to envision reversing an action.
