ANXIETY D/Os

Question 1

Earliest lvl of anxiety

Answer 1

Disintegration anxiety

• fear that the self will fragment because others are not responding with needed affirmation and validation

Question 2

perception that the self is being invaded and annihilated by an outside malevolent force

Answer 2

Persecutory anxiety

Question 3

linked to the oedipal phase

father, may damage the little boy’s genitals or otherwise cause bodily harm

Answer 3

Castration anxiety

Question 4

guilt feelings about not living up to internalized standards of moral behavior derived from the parents

Answer 4

superego anxiety

Question 5

no specifically identifiable stimulus exists for a chronically anxious feeling

Answer 5

generalized anxiety

Question 6

persons experience feelings of living in a purposeless universe

Answer 6

Existential Theories

Question 7

Chronic sx (panic attacks, insomnia, startle, autonomic hyperarousal)

Answer 7

NOREPINEPHRINE

Question 8

Stimulation of this area in the brain causes fear response

Answer 8

Locus ceruleus (in the rostral pons)

Question 9

B-adrenergic receptor agonists and a2-adrenergic receptor antagonists

Answer 9

provoke severe panic attacks

Question 10

clonidine (Catapres), an a2-receptor agonist

Answer 10

reduce anxiety sx

Question 11

increased from psychological stress

mobilize and replenish energy stores and contributes to increased arousal, vigilance, focused attention, and memory formation

inhibition of the growth and reproductive system; and containment of the immune response

Answer 11

Cortisol

Question 12

Alterations in ____ function have been demonstrated in PTSD.

Answer 12

HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS

Question 13

blunted adrenocorticoid hormone (ACTH) responses to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) found in px with?

Answer 13

Panic DO

Question 14

One of the most important mediators of the stress response

Answer 14

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

Question 15

coordinates the adaptive behavioral and physiological changes that occur during stress

Answer 15

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

Question 16

Hypothalamic levels of ___ are increased by stress, resulting in activation of the HPA axis and increased release of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Answer 16

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

Question 17

inhibits a variety of neurovegetative functions, such as food intake, sexual activity, and endocrine programs for growth and reproduction

Answer 17

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

Question 18

Different types of acute stress result in increased ____ turnover

no clear pattern of abnormality of this in panic disorder

Answer 18

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Question 19

cell bodies of most serotonergic neurons are located in?

Answer 19

Raphe nuclei (in the rostral brainstem)

Question 20

Role in anxiety disorders is most strongly supported by the undisputed efficacy of benzodiazepines

Answer 20

GABA

Question 21

enhance the activity of GABA at the GABA type A (GABAA ) receptor, in the treatment of some types of anxiety disorders

Answer 21

benzodiazepines

Question 22

low-potency benzodiazepines are most effective for __ while high-potency benzodiazepines are for __

Answer 22

GAD

Panic DO

Question 23

autonomic nervous system symptoms of anxiety disorders are induced when __ is administered

also causes anxiety in normal control volunteers

Answer 23

B-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (BCCE)

Question 24

a neurotrans model based on a sea snail that reacts to danger

when classically conditioned, shows measurable changes in presynaptic facilitation = the release of increased amounts of neurotransmitter

Answer 24

Aplysia

Question 25

a highly conserved 36-amino acid peptide, which is among the most abundant peptides found in mammalian brain.

Answer 25

Neuropeptide y (NPY)

Question 26

has counterregulatory effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and LC-NE systems at brain sites that are important in the expression of anxiety, fear, and depression

Answer 26

Neuropeptide y (NPY)

Question 27

Evidence suggesting the involvement of the ___ in the anxiolytic effects of NPY, occuring via the NPY-Yl receptor

Answer 27

Amygdala

Question 28

Preliminary studies in special operations soldiers under extreme training stress indicate that high levels of this are associated with better performance

Answer 28

Neuropeptide y (NPY)

Question 29

a peptide involved in a number of physiological and behavioral functions, including learning and memory, pain control, food intake, neuroendocrine control, cardiovascular regulation, and, most recently, anxiety

Answer 29

Galanin

Question 30

Studies in rats have shown that ___ administered centrally modulates anxiety-related behaviors.

Answer 30

Galanin

Question 31

These 2 may be novel targets for antianxiety drug development

Answer 31

Galanin and NPY receptor agonists

Question 32

Brain Imaging Studies - structural studies i.e. CT and MRI - show increase in size of ___ among anxiety DOs

Answer 32

cerebral ventricles

Question 33

lobe affected in patients with panic disorder.

Answer 33

right temporal lobe

Question 34

fMRI (PET, SPECT, EEG) - show abnormalities in these brain regions of px w/ anxiety DO For panic DO, at:

Answer 34

frontal cortex; the occipital and temporal areas Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 35

Involved in pathophysio of OCD

Answer 35

caudate nucleus

Question 36

Involved in pathophysio of PTSD and assoc w/ FEAR

Answer 36

amygdala

Question 37

recognized as a predisposing factor in the development of anxiety disorders

Answer 37

Heredity

Question 38

project primarily to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex become the focus of hypothesis-forming about the neuroanatomical substrates of anxiety disorders

Answer 38

locus ceruleus and the raphe nuclei

Question 39

increased activity of this in the limbic sys. may lead to anxiety

Answer 39

septohippocampal pathway

Question 40

part of the limbic sys implicated particularly in the pathophysiology of OCD

Answer 40

cingulate gyrus

Question 41

Frontal cerebral cortex is connected with (3) and thus may be involved in the production of anxiety disorders

Answer 41

parahippocampal region, the cingulate gyrus, and the hypothalamus

Question 42

temporal lobe epilepsy assoc with

Answer 42

OCD