AOS 1 CHAPTER 4 AND 5

Question 1

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 1

communicates information from the body to the central nervous system (e.g. aches and pains) and to the body’s organs, glands and muscles

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

P94

Question 3

Motor neurone

Answer 3

neurons that communicate messages from the central nervous system to the particular muscles that an organism intends to move at any particular moment. Also referred to as efferent neurons.

Question 4

Sensory neurons

Answer 4

a neuron that carries information from the body and from the outside world into the central nervous system

Question 5

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

a branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates the fight, flight or freeze response

Question 6

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

a branch of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for maintaining our day-to-day functioning and for most of the automatic functions of the body such as digestion, heart rate, breathing and some glandular functions

Question 7

Neurons

Answer 7

nerve cells, responsible for communication within the body

Question 8

Dendrites

Answer 8

branch-like segments of a neuron, which receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors via the synapses and deliver these to the soma

Question 9

Central nervous system

Answer 9

comprised of the brain and spinal cord, the CNS controls the body by processing and responding to sensory input from the peripheral nervous system

Question 10

Soma

Answer 10

the cell body, and largest part of the neuron, that controls the metabolism and maintenance of the cell

Question 11

Axon

Answer 11

the part of a neuron along which the electrochemical nerve-impulse is transmitted

Question 12

Glial cells

Answer 12

cells that play an important role in supporting neurons by surrounding and holding them in place, supplying nourishment and oxygen, removing dead neurons and insulating neurons to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Question 13

Myelin

Answer 13

a white, fatty, waxy substance that coats some axons and insulates
them, protecting them from electrical interference from other neurons. This increases the efficiency of transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 14

Terminal buttons

Answer 14

bulb-like structures at the end of the axon which release neurotransmitters

Question 15

Neural pathway

Answer 15

bundles of neurons which provide connections between one part of the nervous system and another

Question 16

Synapse

Answer 16

the connection between two neurons

Question 17

Neurotransmitters

Answer 17

chemicals that help the communication across nerve synapses

Question 18

Figure 4.8 and 9

Answer 18

P100

Question 19

Reflex action

Answer 19

simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

Question 20

Figure 5.2

Answer 20

P110

Question 21

Hindbrain and what it consists of

Answer 21

the primitive parts of the brain, comprising the cerebellum, pons and medulla, brainstem, adjacent to the spinal cord

Question 22

Brainstem

Answer 22

Regulates reflex survival responses

Question 23

Pons

Answer 23

Controls movement, sleeping, breathing, dreams and waking

Question 24

Cereblellum

Answer 24

Perception and cognition, balance and fine muscle control

Question 25

Medulla

Answer 25

Hertbea, breathing and other vital bodily functions

Question 26

Midbrain

Answer 26

connects the hindbrain with the forebrain, coordinates movement, sleep and arousal

Question 27

Forebrain

Answer 27

part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking processes; includes cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

Cerebral cortex

Answer 28

Outer layer of brain, higher mental processes and complex behaviours

Question 29

Corpus callossum

Answer 29

Connects left and right hemispheres of cerebral cortex

Question 30

Spinal cord

Answer 30

Relays info between brain and body, some simple reflexes.

Question 31

Hypothalamus

Answer 31

Regulates emotions and instinctive drives.

Question 32

Limbic system, what it consists of, role

Answer 32

Hippocampus, long term memory and spatial orientation | Amygdala, responsible for aggression and fear, emotional memory

Question 33

Reticular formation

Answer 33

a network of neurons, sitting across both the midbrain and hindbrain and connecting the hindbrain and forebrain, that plays an important role in the control of arousal and the ‘sleeping and waking’ cycle

Question 34

Thalamus

Answer 34

a structure which is shaped like two eggs beneath the cortex; it processes incoming sensory information and transmits it to other, higher parts of the brain for further processing. It also directs attention to specific sensory systems.

Question 35

Contralateral organisation

Answer 35

the term used to describe how the left side of the brain is responsible for the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain is responsible for the left side of the body

Question 36

The role of the cerebral cortex

Answer 36

a thin layer covering the cerebrum, containing billions of neurons, that allows us to undertake a range of tasks and is responsible for receiving information from the environment, controlling responses and higher order thinking processes

Question 37

Figure 5.8 p115

Answer 37

Lala oo la la

Question 38

Frontal lobe

Answer 38

the largest lobe of the brain. It has several functions, including initiating movement of the body, language, planning, judgement, problem- solving, aspects of personality and emotions. It is extremely well developed in higher mammals.

Question 39

Temporal lobe

Answer 39

Processes auditory info - sensations received in the ear. The temporal lobe performs the complex auditory analysis that is necessary for understanding human speech or listening to music.

Question 40

Parietal lobe

Answer 40

the location of the primary somatosensory cortex in the brain. The parietal lobes enable a person to perceive their own body and to perceive where things are located in their immediate environment

Question 41

Occipital lobe

Answer 41

The Occipital lobes are entirely concerned with vision. Information from the left side of each retina is processed on the left occipital lobe and information from the right side of each retina is processed in the right occipital lobe. Information from the centre of the visual field and the centre of each retina is processed in both occipital lobes.

Question 42

Frontal lobe contains what cortex and its main role

Answer 42

The primary motor cortex which controls our movements.

Question 43

Cortex in parietal and function

Answer 43

The primary somatosensory cortex receives sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain from the body.

Question 44

Temporal cortex and function

Answer 44

Primary auditory cortex receives and processes sound information from the ears.

Question 45

Occipital lobe cortex and function

Answer 45

The primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe receives and processes visual information from the eyes.

Question 46

Hemispheric specialisation

Answer 46

In general, the left and right hemispheres of the brain are each responsible for contralateral (opposite) sides of the body, but the hemispheres are also specialised to perform particular functions. In most people, the left hemisphere controls language and the right hemisphere controls types of spatial and visual processing.

Question 47

Transmission of info between neurons

Answer 47

The process of nerve impulse transmission involves neurons receiving, processing and sending information from one cell to another through the release of neurotransmitters into the synapses. A synapse is the space between the end of one neuron and the beginning of a neighbouring neuron.