AOS 1 - Concepts of Health Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
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DOT POINT 1
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2
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The WHO definition of health
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Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Q
Strengths
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- It recognised that health is more than just physical H+W
- Includes other dimensions including mental and social
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Q
Limitations
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- The use of ‘complete state’ - unachievable for most
- The definition does not include all of the dimensions of H+W, such as spiritual or emotional
5
Q
Wellbeing
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An equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
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Q
Health and wellbeing
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The state of a person’s physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy and engaged
- H+W is dynamic - constantly changing
- H+W is subjective - health is different for different people
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Q
The five dimensions of health
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Stars Make Every Planet Shine
- Social
- Mental
- Emotional
- Physical
- Spiritual
8
Q
Physical H+W
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Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems: it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
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Q
Physical H+W prerequisites (7)
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- Healthy body weight
- Freedom from illness, disease, or injury
- Adequate energy levels
- Ability to complete physical tasks adequately
- Appropriateness levels of fitness
- Strong immune system
- Well-functioning body, systems and organs
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Q
Social H+W
A
The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
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Q
Social H+W prerequisites (5)
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- Effective communication with others
- Supportive and well-functioning family
- Productive relationships with others
- Supportive network of friends
- Ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
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Q
Emotional H+W
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Relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. It is about the positive management and expression of emotional activities and reactions, as well as the ability to display resilience
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Emotional H+W prerequisites (4)
A
- Recognise and understand the range of emotions
- Effectively respond to and manage emotions
- Experience appropriate emotions in different scenarios
- Have a high level of resilience
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Q
Mental H+W
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Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information.
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Mental H+W prerequisites (6)
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- Low levels of stress and anxiety
- Positive self-esteem
- Process information to solve problems
- High levels of confidence
- Positive thought patterns - being optimistic
- Use logic and reasoning to form opinions, make decisions and solve problems
16
Q
Spiritual H+W
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Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings. It includes concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on a person’s place in the world
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Q
Spiritual H+W prerequisites (5)
A
- A sense of belonging and connection to the world
- Positive meaning and purpose in life
- Peace and harmony
- Developed personal values and beliefs
- Acting according to values and beliefs
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DOT POINT 2
A
19
Q
Prerequisites of health (9)
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The basic conditions and resources that must be available if any gains in health and wellbeing occur
- Peace
- Shelter
- Education
- Food
- Income
- Stable ecosystem
- Sustainable resources
- Social justice
- Equity
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Q
Peace
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Relates to the absence of conflict
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How can access to peace promote H+W dimension
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Having peace decreases the risk of being injured or killed when going about day-to-day activities, which reduces levels of stress and anxiety, promoting mental H+W
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Q
How can access to peace promote health status indicator
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Peace means there is no violence/conflict leading to less injuries which can reduce premature death and therefore reduce morbidity and mortality rates.
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Shelter
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A structure that provides protection from the outside environment
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Q
How can access to shelter promote H+W dimension
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Shelter acts as a place for family and friends to gather and spend time together, and this can help to create a sense of belonging, promoting spiritual H+W
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How can access to shelter promote health status indicator
Shelter ensures protection from the environment and insects like mosquitos that contain diseases. This helps decrease the prevalence of diseases such as mileria.
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Education
The process of giving or receiving systematic instruction
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How can access to education promote H+W dimension
Education promotes increased levels of literacy which encourages individuals to eat well and exercise regularly. This contributes to a healthy body weight and therefore promotes physical H+W
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How can access to education promote health status indicator
Education can help people learn about the risks of activities such as smoking, reducing their likelihood of participating in this activity and developing a condition such as lung cancer, reducing mortality rates from lung cancer
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Food
Food is required by the body for many processes such as energy production, growth and body system functioning
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How can access to food promote H+W dimension
Access to food provides food security which ensures individuals are not searching for food and therefore decreases their stress and anxiety levels. This promotes mental health and wellbeing.
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Income
For individuals, income increases the ability to afford resources such as healthcare, recreation, transport and education
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How can access to income promote H+W dimension
Having access to a decent income allows individuals to afford activities that they enjoy, which can increase their positive thought patterns and promote mental H+W
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Stable ecosystem
A stable ecosystem occurs when balance is achieved between the environment and the species that live in an environment
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How can access to a stable ecosystem promote H+W dimension
A stable ecosystem ensures predictable weather patterns which contribute to effective farming, which improves food security and energy levels. This promotes physical health and wellbeing
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How can access to a stable ecosystem promote health status indicator
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Sustainable resources
A sustainable resource is a resource that can be used to meet human needs and future generation's needs, without degrading the environment
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How can access to sustainable resources promote H+W dimension
Sustainable resources, such as adequate heating and cooling, can promote productivity at school which can lead to the ability to process information to solve problems and therefore promote mental H+W
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Social justice
Equal rights for all, regardless of personal traits such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation
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How can access to social justice promote H+W dimension
Social justice allows all people to have the same access to opportunities such as formal education. Therefore allowing for a supportive network of friends and promoting social H+W
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How can access to social justice promote health status indicator
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Equity
Equity means that disadvantages groups are targeted to improve their quality of life and achieve minimum standards of living
- Promotes positive health outcomes and H+W by ensuring access to : Education, employment, human rights, healthcare
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How can access to equity promote H+W dimension
Equity ensures that all people can share the benefits of society. This can work to reduce feelings of segregation and therefore enhance feelings of belonging and promote spiritual H+W
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How can access to equity promote health status indicator
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DOT POINT 3
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Youth perspectives on the meaning of H+W
- The issues of most concern for young males and females relate to the mental dimension of H+W. Examples include coping with stress, school or study problems, mental health and body image
- Females were were more concerned about school/study problems
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Different perceptions of H+W of youth
There are various perspectives of H+W according to :
- Age
- Culture
- Religion
- Gender
- Socioeconomic status
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Socioeconomic status
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measure of a person or group's, social and economic position based on income, education and occupation
- Those with lower SES, are more likely to have less education and therefore understanding of the consequences of risk taking. This can lead to dangerous activities, leading to increased rates of mortality and morbidity
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What is meant by the subjective nature of H+W
The subjective nature of H+W is the way in which people’s view of H+W is influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings, experiences or opinions.
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives on health and wellbeing
Aspects that are fundamental to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples's H+W include
- Culture
- Connection to the land
- Social and Emotional H+W
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Culture
- It states that being connected to culture, family and land contributes to significantly lower morbidity and mortality rates in remote communities
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Land (3)
- The land is the core of their existence; it is their connection and spiritual relationship to 'country' which explains their identity
- Their 'second skin'
- They believe it is their duty to care for the land, and therefore they are strengthening their culture and H+W
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Social and Emotional H+W
- Relationships
- Positive family and community relationships
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DOT POINT 4
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Health status
An individual's or population's overall level of H+W, taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy, morbidity and mortality
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Health status indicators (8)
- Self-assessed health status
- Life expectancy
- Mortality
- Morbidity
- Burden of disease
- Rates of hospitalisation
- Core activity limitation
- Psychological distress
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Self-assessed health status
Based on an individual's OWN perception of their H+W
- A subjective measure
- Can range from excellent, very good, good, fair and poor
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Life expectancy
An indication of how long a person can live - it is the number of years of life remaining of a person at a particular age if death rates to do not change
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Mortality
Refers to death, particularly at a population level. There are two ways of measuring mortality :
- Mortality rates (per 100,000 people in a 12 month period)
- YLL - Years of Life Lost due to premature death
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Morbidity
Morbidity refers to ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population. There are two ways of measuring morbidity :
- Morbidity rates (amount of of people with a condition presented in a percentage, or incidence and prevalence rates)
- YLD - Years of Life Lost due to time lived with disability
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Incidence
Refers to the number of NEW cases
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Prevalence
Refers to the TOTAL number of cases
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Burden of disease (5)
- Burden of disease is a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries
- Burden of disease contains Mortality + Morbidity data
- Measured in a unit called DALY
- DALY - Disability adjusted life years
- YLD + YLL = DALY
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Rates of hospitalisation
Provides an indication of levels of ill health that require medical treatment. Can result due to requiring care for chronic conditions and emergency care
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Core-activity limitation
When an individual has difficulty, or requires assistance, with any of the three core activities :
- Self-care (Bathing/Showering)
- Mobility (Moving around at home)
- Communication in own language (Understanding/being understood by strangers, friends or family)
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Measurement of Core-activity (4)
- Profound
- Severe
- Moderate
- Mild
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Psychological distress
Relates to unpleasant feelings and emotions that have an impact on an individual's level of functioning
- Measuring it can provide info about the level of mental and emotional H+W experienced
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DOT POINT 5
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Sociocultural factors (5)
The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. The factors contribute to variations in health outcomes ( H+W dimensions or health status indicators)
- Family
- Peer group
- Education
- Income
- Health literacy
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Family
- Family has a crucial role to play in the lives of most young people
- Family is also the main provider for many resources such as shelter, food, clothing, emotional support and educational opportunities
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Peer group
- Young people often turn to their friends first for support and advice, instead of family members
- Can have a positive impact on health behaviour; physically through involvement in sport, emotionally through a supportive network of friends
- Can have a negative impact on health behaviour; through peer pressure, can cause vaping which leads to respiratory conditions and therefore increased mortality and morbidity
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Education
Those with higher levels of education report fewer physical health concerns and better mental H&W than those with lower levels of education.
- E.g people with higher levels of education = better paid jobs, leads to more income to pay for nutritious foods and therefore reduces morbidity and mortality rates from conditions such as obesity
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Income
When discussing the impact of income on young people, we focus on family income
- Having adequate income allows parents to spend money on essential resources + recreation; these resources can help improve morbidity and mortality rates by helping individuals maintain a healthy body, have access to healthcare, stay socially connected, etc.
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Health literacy
Relates to how people access, understand and use health information and services in ways that promote and maintain H+W
- When a young person has a good level of health literacy, they are able to understand the importance of preventative health practises
- E.g A young person with high levels of health literacy would feel more confident to access appointments, and manage medications and treatment plans. This may increase confidence and decrease stress levels, enhancing mental H&W.
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Socioeconomic status
- The social gradient of health = the higher the SES, the greater the level of health, and the lower the SES, the greater the risk of poor health
