AP Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Causes relaxation of the mesangial cells and increases filtration membrane area
A
ANP
2
Q
Continuously resorbed by type A intercalates cells
A
Potassium
3
Q
Causes contraction of mesangial cells
A
Angiotensin II
4
Q
Medications/substances which reduce fever
A
Antipyretics
5
Q
Found in the DCT; pressure and chemical sensor
A
Macula dense
6
Q
Output of urine of more than 2L/day
A
Polyuria
7
Q
Converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I
A
Renin
8
Q
Ranges from 1.001-1.028 in urine
A
Specific gravity
9
Q
Increase aquaporin insertion into cell membrane
A
ADH
10
Q
May occur when aspirin is consumes in younger individuals following a viral infection
A
Reye Syndrome
11
Q
By-product of muscle metabolism that is only secreted in the urine
A
Creatinine
12
Q
Concentration of filtrate in a juxtamedullary renal loop (loop of henle)
A
1200 mOsm
13
Q
Responsible for the production of antibodies
A
Plasma Cells
14
Q
Attachment of complement proteins the surface of a pathogen
A
Opsonization
15
Q
Provides somatic innervation to the external urethral sphincter
A
Pudendal Nerve
16
Q
Secretes gastrin
A
Enteroendocrine/G-cells
17
Q
Increases digestive secretions and motility
A
Parasympathetic stimulation
18
Q
Cause of most ulcers
A
Helicobacter pylori
19
Q
Primary job of the large intestine
A
Water absorption
20
Q
Found only in the stomach: aids with mechanical digestion
A
Oblique Muscles Layer
21
Q
Found in the duodenum; helps neutralize acidic chyme
A
Brunner’s glands
22
Q
Released by the duodenum and inhibits gastric function
A
CCK
23
Q
Fetal bypass from the umbilical vein to the IVC
A
Ligamentum venosum
24
Q
Formed by the union of the splenic vein, interior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein,
A
Hepatic portal vein
25
Attached to the cecum
Appendix
26
Digests molecules like DNA and RNA
Nucleosidases
27
Formation of gall stones
Cholelithiasis
28
Attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Lingual frenulum
29
Helps increase surface area in the small intestines for absorption.
Villi
30
Attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesocolon
31
Release of PGE2 raises the hypothalamic set point for body temperature
True
32
Natural killer cells form a MAC complex in pathogens which results in cell lysis
False
33
Areas undergoing an inflammatory response have increased blood flow
True
34
The kidneys are responsible for the production of erythropoietin, which increases erythrocyte production
True
35
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of the macula densa and granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
True
36
Large anionic molecules are excluded from crossing the glomerular filtration membrane due to the presence of negative charges
True
37
Sympathetic Stimulation of kidney functioning results in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
False
38
The counter0current exchange mechanism allows for exchange of salt and water between the look of Henle and the vasa recta
True
39
100% of glucose that is filtered is reabsorbed by the end of the PCT
True
40
Uric acid is produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver
True
41
The mucosa is comprised of epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis
False
42
Mesentary is the name given to peritoneum that attaches the large intestine to the posterior wall
False
43
Chyme in the duodenum is the signal to begin decreasing gastric functioning
True
44
Cementum is the substance that covers the tooth root
True
45
Circular folds (plicae circularis) are abundant in the jejunum and ileum
True
46
The porta hepatis consists of the common bile duct, hepatic artery and hepatic vein
false
47
Central veins can be found in the venter of a liver lobule
true
48
The appendix is attached to the ileum
false
49
Goblet cells become less abundant from the cecum to the rectum
false
50
Flatus/intestinal gas is formed as bacteria try to digest cellulose and other digested carbohydrates
True
51
Which of the following is not a correct function of the urinary system?
A. Excretion of solid/indigestible wastes
B. Formation of calcitriol
C. Regulation of blood pressure
D. Release of erythropoietin
Correct: A
52
Which of the following clinical terms is used to describe the failure of a kidney to develop? Horseshoe kidney, renal agenesis, pelvic kidney, or supernumerary kidney
Renal Agenesis
53
In what specific area of the kidney are the interlobar arteries found? Renal columns, renal cortex, renal pyramids, renal pelvis
Renal Columns
54
Which layer of the filtration membrane consists of pedicels and filtration slits ? Basement membrane, fenestrated endothelium, mesangial cells, or visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
55
From what area of the nephron is water passively removed from the filtrate due to the high concentration of salt found in the medulla? Ascending limb of the renal loop, descending limb of the renal loop, distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule.
Descending limb of the renal loop
56
Which of the following describes the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid? Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, glomerular excretion, tubular secretion
Tubular secretion
57
Which if the following would be found in the filtrate following glomerular filtration? Albumin, Erythrocytes, Glucose, Leukocytes,
Glucose
58
If mean arterial blood pressure decreases (For instance below 80mmHg) what would happen to urine production? Excessive urine output, insufficient urine production, no effect, or increase in ANP secretion
Insufficient urine production
59
What the intrinsic myogenic mechanism is unable to maintain filtration pressure in a normal range, which of the following will occur? Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism further vasoconstricts the afferent arteriole, sympthatetic activation will decrease blood flow into the kidney, ANP Release from the heart will increase the glomerular filtration rate, mesangial cells will relax due to an increase in ADH release.
Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism further vasocontricts the afferent arteriole
60
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR by which of the following mechanisms? Contraction of mesangial cells, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, increasing blood pressure, inhibiting secretion of renin.
Inhibiting secretion of renin
61
What type of transport occurs when substances are moved between tubule cells? Cytotic transport, intracellular transport, paracellular transport, transcellular transport.
Paracellular transport
62
Which of the following is utilized to move glucose from filtrate into the proximal convoluted tubule cells? Aquaporins, glucose uniporter, sodium-glucose symporter, sodium-potassium pump.
Sodium-glucose symporter
63
Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of what molecule? Calcium, sodium, potassium, urea
Sodium
64
What hormone is responsible for inhibiting phosphate (PO43) in the PCT and stimulating calcium, reabsorption in the DCT? ADH, ANP, Parathyroid hormone, renin
Parathyroid Hormone
65
Which of the following substances contributes to approximately one-half of the solute concentration in the medulla as it is continually cycled between CT/CD and nephron loop? Creatinine, glucose, urea, uric acid
Urea
66
Which of the following correctly describes the chemical composition of urine? 80 % water 20 % solutes, 85% water 15 % solutes, 90 % water 10 % solutes, 95 % water 5 % solutes.
95% water 5% solutes
67
What term is used to describe the area between the ureteral openings and the urethral opening in the bladder? Adventitia, lobule, trigone, urogenital diaphragm.
Trigone
68
Which salivary gland is found on the lateral aspect of the jaw inferior to the mandible? Lingual, Parotid, sublingual, submandibular,
Submandibular
69
How many total incisors are found in a set of adult teeth? 2,4,6,8
8
70
What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus? Nonkeratinized stratified squamous, simple squamous, Keratinized stratified squamous, simple columnar
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous cell carcinoma
71
Which of the following structures is essential in controlling contraction of the muscularis (externa) along the length of the digestive tract? Pyloric sphincter, myenteric plexus, goblet cells, submucosal plexus
Myenteric plexus
72
What epithelial type can be found lining the stomach through the rectum? Simple columnar, stratified columnar, stratified squamous, transitional
Simple columnar
73
What term properly describes the rhythmic contractions that occur during the esophageal phase of swallowing that moves food from the esophagus into the stomach? Excretion, peristalsis, secretion, reabsorption
Peristalsis
74
Which of the following is not a correct component of the muscularis (externa)? Circular layer of muscle, longitudinal layer of muscle, myenteric plexus, submucosal plexus
Submucosal plexus
75
Which of the following is not produced in a gastric gland? Bile, gastrin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase
Bile
76
What molecule is needed to activate pepsinogen? Gastric amylase, gastrin, hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
77
What cell in the stomach is capable of production bicarbonate? Chief cell, G-cell, parietal cell, surface mucous cell
Parietal cell
78
