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AP bio unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with a positive end and a negative end

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2
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

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3
Q

hydrogen bonds that water can form

A

four hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

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5
Q

adhesion

A

An attraction between molecules of different substances

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6
Q

surface tension of water

A

the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface.

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7
Q

specific heat of water

A

very high

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8
Q

water’s moderation of temperature

A

high specific heat allows H2O to change less temperature when absorbs / loses heat

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9
Q

water’s insulation

A

Ice is lighter than water, so it can float and insulate the water underneath

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10
Q

effects of heat of vaporization on living organisms

A

evaporative cooling and rain

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11
Q

Why ice floats

A

ice has a lower density that that of liquid water

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12
Q

4 degrees Celsius

A

water is most dense

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13
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

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14
Q

solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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15
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

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16
Q

why water is a good solvent

A

polarity

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17
Q

hydrophobic

A

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

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18
Q

hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

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19
Q

acid

A

adds hydrogen ions

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20
Q

base

A

reduces hydrogen ions

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21
Q

Buffer

A

takes and releases hydrogen ions when a solution needs it

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22
Q

bonds that a carbon atom can form

A

four

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23
Q

type of bonds carbon atoms form

A

single or double

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24
Q

Carbon skeletons vary in

A

length, branching, double bonds, rings

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25
hydrocarbon
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
26
Hydrocarbon polarity
non-polar
27
Isomer
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
28
structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
29
cis-trans isomers
pair of molecules are on the same or different sides of the double bond
30
enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
31
functional groups
chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality
32
CO
carbonyl group
33
-OH
hydroxyl group
34
-COOH
carboxyl group
35
carboxyl group behaves like
acid
36
hydroxyl group polarity
polar
37
-NH2
amino group
38
amino group behaves like
base
39
-SH
sulfhydryl group
40
sulfhydral group
thiol
41
-OPO3 2-
phosphate group
42
phosphate group and water
hydrophilic
43
CH3
methyl group
44
Methyl group function
non-polar molecule that inactivates genes
45
macromolecule
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
46
Polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
47
monomer
small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
48
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction where two molecules bond by removing a water molecule.
49
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
50
monosaccharides
simple sugars
51
Monosaccharide examples
glucose, fructose
52
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
53
disaccharide examples
sucrose, lactose
54
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
55
storage polysaccharides
plants - starch, animals - glycogen
56
cellulose
structural polysaccharide component of plant cell walls.
57
Chitin
structural polysaccharide that forms exoskeleton
58
Carbohydrates
59
functional groups in carbohydrates
hydroxyl and carbonyl
60
carbon in abbreviated ring structure
carbon at each unlabeled corner
61
bond to form disaccharide
glycosidic linkage (covalent)
62
glycosidic linkage in cellulose
beta 1-4
63
Lipids and water
hydrophobic
64
Components of fat
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
65
functional groups of a fat
carboxyl and hydroxyl
66
glycerol molecules have ___ hydroxyls
three
67
bonds that connect fats
ester linkages
68
saturated fatty acid
a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
69
unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
70
hydrogenated fats
add hydrogen to liquid unsaturated fats to make them solid saturated fats
71
the kinks in an unsaturated fatty acid are caused by ___
cis double bonds
72
phospholipid
a lipid that contains a phosphate group instead of a third hydrocarbon
73
phospholipids form
cell membranes
74
phospholipid tails
nonpolar, hydrophobic
75
phospholipid heads
polar, hydrophilic
76
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
77
cholesterol uses
Steroid hormone synthesis
78
Cholesterol dangers
processed in liver, can be bad for blood
79
disulfide bridges
covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein
80
denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat, pH, or other factor
81
primary protein structure
sequence of a chain of amino acids
82
secondary protein structure
occurs when hydrogen bonds link the sequence of amino acids.
83
Helices or pleated sheets
The shape of a secondary structure
84
tertiary protein structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
85
quaternary protein structure
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
86
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between a carboxyl and amino group in proteins
87
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded together
88
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
89
r group
a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.
90
number of r groups
20
91
groups that make up amino acids
carboxyl, amino, hydrogen, r group, and central carbon
92
Components of nucleic acids
a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
93
DNA number of strands
two
94
RNA number of strands
one
95
DNA arrangement
antiparallel
96
RNA arrangement
different for different purposes
97
DNA bases
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
98
RNA bases
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
99
sugar-phosphate backbone
The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached

AP bio (5 decks)

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