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senior year study > ap bio unit 2 > Flashcards

ap bio unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles;

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2
Q

examples of prokaroyte

A

archaea and bacteria

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3
Q

Eukaryote

A

a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids (bilayer

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

inside of a cell
supports life of cell
maintains functions

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleu

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7
Q

Endomembrane system

A

the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell,

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

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9
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane-bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

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10
Q

Vacuoles

A

Structure: Membrane surrounded “bags”; Small in animal cells; Large in plant cells.
Function: Storage of food, water, and other materials

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11
Q

Thylakoid

A

a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast (inner membrane), used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

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12
Q

Granum

A

a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

prokarotic cells

A

smaller
simplle
bacteria
on earth before evoltion of nucleous
has eubacteria and archebacteria
no nucleous
no membrane bound organells

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15
Q

membrane bound organelle

A

organelle that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer
ex: mitocondra

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16
Q

what is prokartyoic cellss filled with

A

. cytoplasm
.circualr dna
. nucleoid
. cell wall
.plasma membrane
. ribosomes
.flagella
. capsul
. pili
. fimbra

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17
Q

euakrotic cells

A

ex: plant and anmails
. organized in organelles

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18
Q

what is a eukarytoc cell filled with

A

. plasma membrane
rough and smooth er
. nuclelus
.nucleolus
, ribosomes
. golgi apprutis
. mitocondra
. cytoplasm

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19
Q

plasma membrane

A

. made of phoslipds and protiens
. phoslipid bilayer
. reglautes movmt in and out of cell
. semipermanble (02)
. ( parent of the cell in charge)

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20
Q

peripheral protien

A

. lipid bilaayer
. inner and outer surafcfe of membrane

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21
Q

intergal protien

A

bound to plasma membrane
. hydrophlic regions out of the cell
hydrophobic regions interact with the phoslipds

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22
Q

transmembrane protiens

A

extend through the membrane

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23
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

the arggemnts of phosplids
each layer is flexible
remember phoslipds on one side should never flip to the other side

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24
Q

why does the plasma membrane need dif protiens

A

number of activtes that take place

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25
adhesion protiens
forms connections to near by cells
26
receptor protiens
hormones docking cite for arrivals at the cell when insulin (a hormone) arrives at a receptor on a cell, it tells the cell to take in glucose from the blood. The receptor protein on the cell is the "docking site," and insulin is the "arriving molecule" that binds to it.
27
transport cell
form pumps that use ATP to acticley transport solutes across membrane
27
channel protiens
form channels that selvilcy allow the passage of certuian ions and molecules
28
carbohydrate side chains
outer surface of plasma membrane on proteins
28
cell surface markers
glycoprotiens lipids exposed on outside help with cell regication and adhesion
28
nucleus ( dierecter)
largest organell dierects what goes on cells ability to reproduce home of DNA nuclelous is inside of the nucleus
29
chloetstral molecules
found in phoslpid help stablize
30
what structures is DNA organzied in
chrosmosones
31
nucleolus
RNA is made ribosomes are made
32
ribosomes
protien synthesis create the protiens either used for the cell or pushed out the cell they have 2 units small and large free floating or to the ER
33
ER
provides support and helps in transport
34
rough ER
attchated to nuclous with ribosomes protens made from this go to the plasma or used to build golgi, lysomes
35
smooth ER
no ribosmes makes lipids, hormones, steroids breaks down toxic chencials
36
golgi complex ( packing and distrubtion center)
processing of protiens once the ribomsoes are done synthesizing on the rough ER the golgi modifes, processes, sorts paccakge into little sacs called vesicles production of lyssomes
37
mitocondra
converts energy from orgainc molcules into useful energy for the cell ATP double membrane cirsta outer membrane inner membrane intermembrane space matrix
38
crista
in mitocondra is folds seperates the matrix from intermemebrane ATP having folds inc surface area for ATP
39
lysosmoes ( clean up crew/lemons)
break down old organells function on acidic ph ( enclosed isnide lumen) made when enzymes from golgi fuse with endocytosis
40
centrioles
found in MTCO ( organzation centers) cellaular divsion anamil cells
41
vacuoles ( storage)
store food water pigemnst waste
42
peroxismoes
detoxify produces hydeogen
43
cytoskeletepn
holds shape of cell protien fibers ( microtublous and microfillamnets)
44
microtublous
made of tublin cellar divsion and movmnet centrioles, cillia, flagella
45
microfilaments
movemnet actin
46
plant cells
cell wall ( made of cellous, protective) chloroplast( double outer membrane and chloraphil) central vacuole no centrioles
47
large full vacuoles
healthy plant
48
faciliated transport
susbstance is hydrophlic the bilayer wonr let it pass without assistance
49
aquaporins
water spefic channls
50
how do susbtacnes move
down a concentraion gradient from high to low diffusion: permeable to solute
51
simple diffusion
molecule diffusing that is hydrophobic small nonpoalr molecule can drift throigh membrane without trouble
52
facilated diffsion
requires help of a channel protien
53
passive transport
susbtsance is moving by diffsuion no outside energy required riding bycyle down hill
54
osmosis
water diffusing most concertared to least concentrated water is dissolving things/ not pure so usually a solution water is used to diloute things/ reduce it not permeable to solute low to high
55
cell membrane movemnt
shrink away from cell wall if it loses water if it loses water it can expand and squeeze tightly against the cell wall
56
tonicity
osmotic gradient
57
if an enviormnet is isotonic to the cell
the sououte concentraion is the same inside and outside
58
hypertonic
higher solute outside the cell water moves out of the cell cell shrinks
59
hypotonic
lower solute outside the cell water moves into the cell cell swells
60
water potentional
measure of potental energy in water ergarness of water to flow from high to low
61
active transport
movemnt agsaint the natrual flow uphill bike atp
62
sodium potatsium pump
ushers out three( sodium) brijngs in two ions ( potassium)
63
primary active transport
atp dierectly utlized to transport something
64
secondary active transport
when something activly transported using energy captrued from the movement of another substance flowing down its concentration graidient
65
endocytosis
when a cell is too big uses cell membrane to engold it and forms vesscile pinosytosis phagocutosis receptormeddiated
66
pinocytsis
cell ingests liquids ( cell drinking)
67
phagocytosis
cell takes in solid ( cell eating)
68
receptormeddiated cytosis
cell surface recaptors when a partcle binds to the receptor and folds in
69
bulk flow
one way movmnet of fluids from pressure
70
dialaysis
diffsuion of solutes across selctvly permable membrane
71
exocytosis
large partckes transpotred out the cell cell ejects waste by fusion of a vesicle with plasma membrane
72
surface area to volume ratio
ratio has to be large folds inc surface area smaller cells have larger ratio as cells inc in volume the ratio dec and exchange of materials bceomc less effienct

senior year study (16 decks)

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