AP biology: 24 origin of species

Question 1

Darwin explored the Galápagos Islands

Answer 1

And discovered plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth

Question 2

The origin of new species

Answer 2

or speciation

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Refers to evolutionary change above the species level

Question 4

A species is

Answer 4

a population or group of populations
whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and
produce viable, fertile offspring
unable to produce viable fertile offspring with members of other populations

Question 5

Reproductive isolation

Answer 5

Prevents organisms from producing offspring

Is a combination of various reproductive barriers

Question 6

Prezygotic barriers

Answer 6

Prevent mating or fertilization of ova from two different species

Question 7

Postzygotic barriers

Answer 7

Often prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

Question 8

The biological species concept cannot be applied to

Answer 8

Asexual organisms
Fossils
Organisms about which little is known regarding their reproduction

Question 9

Speciation can take place with or without

Answer 9

geographic separation

Question 10

Speciation can occur in two ways

Answer 10

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Question 11

In allopatric speciation

Answer 11

Gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations

Question 12

Once geographic separation has occurred

Answer 12

One or both populations may undergo evolutionary change during the period of separation

Question 13

In sympatric speciation

Answer 13

Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations

Question 14

Polyploidy

Answer 14

Is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes in cells due to accidents during cell division
Has caused the evolution of some plant species

Question 15

An autopolyploid

Answer 15

Is an individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species

Question 16

An allopolyploid

Answer 16

Is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

Question 17

Sympatric speciation

Answer 17

Can also result from the appearance of new ecological niches

Question 18

In cichlid fish

Answer 18

Sympatric speciation has resulted from nonrandom mating due to sexual selection

Question 19

In allopatric speciation

Answer 19

A new species forms while geographically isolated from its parent population

Question 20

In sympatric speciation

Answer 20

The emergence of a reproductive barrier isolates a subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species

Question 21

Adaptive radiation

Answer 21

Is the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environmental opportunities

Question 22

The Hawaiian archipelago

Answer 22

Is one of the world’s great showcases of adaptive radiation

Question 23

Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould

Answer 23

Used fossils to develop theory

describe these periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

Question 24

The punctuated equilibrium model

Answer 24

Contrasts with a model of gradual change throughout a species’ existence

Question 25

Most novel biological structures

Answer 25

Evolve in many stages from previously existing structures | Example: eye development

Question 26

Some complex structures, such as the eye

Answer 26

Have had similar functions during all stages of their evolution

Question 27

Genes that program development

Answer 27

Control the rate, timing, and spatial pattern of changes in an organism’s form as it develops into an adult

Question 28

Heterochrony

Answer 28

Is an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events Can have a significant impact on body shape

Question 29

Allometric growth

Answer 29

Is the proportioning that helps give a body its specific form

Question 30

Different allometric patterns

Answer 30

Contribute to the contrasting shapes of human and chimpanzee skulls

Question 31

Heterochrony

Answer 31

Has also played a part in the evolution of salamander feet

Question 32

In paedomorphosis

Answer 32

Growth is accelerated | Mature species retains body features that were juvenile structures in an ancestral species

Question 33

Homeotic Genes

Answer 33

Determines orientation and number/ type of limbs For example: where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird how a flower’s parts are arranged

Question 34

Homeotic genes= Hox gene example

Answer 34

Provide positional information in the development of fins in fish and limbs in tetrapods

Question 35

The fossil record

Answer 35

Often shows apparent trends in evolution that may arise because of adaptation to a changing environment