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AP Biology > AP biology: 29-30 > Flashcards

AP biology: 29-30 Flashcards

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1
Q

For more than the first 3 billion years of Earth’s history

A

The terrestrial surface was lifeless

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2
Q

Since colonizing land

A

Plants have diversified into roughly 290,000 living species

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3
Q

Researchers have identified green algae

A

(charophyceans) as the closest relatives of land plants

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4
Q

Many characteristics of land plants

A

Also appear in a variety of algal clades ( Kingdom Protista currently)

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5
Q

There are four key traits that land plants share only with charophyceans

A

Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

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6
Q

In charophyceans

A

A layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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7
Q

The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land

A

May have opened the way to its colonization by plants

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8
Q

Many adaptations

Emerged

A

after land plants diverged from their charophycean relatives

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9
Q

Systematists

A

Are currently debating the boundaries of the plant kingdom

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10
Q

Some biologists think that the plant kingdom

A

Should be expanded to include some or all green algae

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11
Q

Until this debate is resolved

A

This textbook retains the embryophyte definition of kingdom Plantae

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12
Q

Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophyceans

A 
Apical meristems
Alternation of generations
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Multicellular dependent embryos
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13
Q

Fossilized spores and tissues

A

Have been extracted from 475-million-year-old rocks

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14
Q

Whatever the age of the first land plants

A

Those ancestral species gave rise to a vast diversity of modern plants

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15
Q

Absence of vascular tissue

A

Bryophyta- including mosses, liverworts and hornworts

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16
Q

Presence of Vascular Tissue

A

Pterophytes- ferns- seedless vascular
Gymnnosperms- naked seeds vascular
Angiosperms- seed and fruit producing, flowering plants

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17
Q

Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small

A

herbaceous (nonwoody) plants
Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta
Mosses, phylum Bryophyta

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18
Q

In all three bryophyte phyla

A

Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes

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19
Q

Bryophyte gametophytes

A

Produce flagellated sperm in antheridia
Produce ova in archegonia
Generally form ground-hugging carpets and are at most only a few cells thick

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20
Q

Some mosses

have

A

conducting tissues in the center of their “stems” and may grow vertically

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21
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes

A

Grow out of archegonia
Are the smallest and simplest of all extant plant groups
Consist of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium

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22
Q

Hornwort and moss sporophytes

A

Have stomata

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23
Q

Sphagnum, or “peat moss”

A

Forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat
Plays an important role in the Earth’s carbon cycle

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24
Q

Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants

A

Were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution

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25
Vascular plants
Began to evolve during the Carboniferous period
26
These early tiny plants
Had independent, branching sporophytes | Lacked other derived traits of vascular plants
27
In contrast with bryophytes
Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation, as in the familiar leafy fern The gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface
28
Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue
Xylem and phloem
29
Xylem
Conducts most of the water and minerals | Includes dead cells called tracheids
30
Phloem
Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products | Consists of living cells
31
Roots
Are organs that anchor vascular plants Enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil May have evolved from subterranean stems
32
Leaves
Are organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy for photosynthesis
33
Leaves are categorized by two types
Microphylls, leaves with a single vein | Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched vascular system
34
According to one model of evolution
Microphylls evolved first, as outgrowths of stems
35
Sporophylls
Are modified leaves with sporangia
36
Most seedless vascular plants
Are homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
37
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants
Are heterosporous, having two types of spores that give rise to male and female gametophytes
38
Seedless vascular plants form two phyla
Lycophyta, including club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts Pterophyta, including ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
39
Modern species of lycophytes
Are relics from a far more eminent past | Are small herbaceous plants
40
Ferns
Are the most diverse seedless vascular plants
41
The ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns
Grew to great heights during the Carboniferous, forming the first forests
42
The growth of these early forests
May have helped produce the major global cooling that characterized the end of the Carboniferous period Decayed and eventually became coal
43
Seeds changed the course of plant evolution
Enabling their bearers to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems
44
In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants
Reduced gametophytes Heterospory Ovules Pollen
45
The gametophytes of seed plants
Develop within the walls of spores retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte
46
Seed plants evolved from plants that had megasporangia
Which produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes
47
Seed plants evolved from plants that had microsporangia
Which produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
48
An ovule consists of
A megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments
49
Microspores develop into pollen grains
Which contain the male gametophytes of plants
50
Pollination
Is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
51
If a pollen grain germinates
It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule
52
Pollen, which can be dispersed by air or animals
Eliminated the water requirement for fertilization
53
A seed
Develops from the whole ovule | Is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat
54
Among the gymnosperms are many well-known conifers
Or cone-bearing trees, including pine, fir, and redwood
55
The gymnosperms include four plant phyla
Cycadophyta Gingkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
56
Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian
Some plants, called progymnosperms, had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
57
Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record
And dominated the Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems
58
Living seed plants
Can be divided into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms
59
Key features of the gymnosperm life cycle include
Dominance of the sporophyte generation, the pine tree The development of seeds from fertilized ovules The role of pollen in transferring sperm to ovules
60
Angiosperms
Are commonly known as flowering plants Are seed plants that produce the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits Are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
61
The key adaptations in the evolution of angiosperms
Are flowers and fruits
62
The flower
Is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
63
A flower is a specialized shoot with modified leaves
Sepals, which enclose the flower Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens, which produce pollen Carpels, which produce ovules
64
Fruits
Typically consist of a mature ovary | Can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations, enhancing seed dispersal
65
In the angiosperm life cycle
Double fertilization occurs when a pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the center cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm
66
The endosperm
Nourishes the developing embryo
67
Clarifying the origin and diversification of angiosperms
Poses fascinating challenges to evolutionary biologists
68
Angiosperms originated at least 140 million years ago
And during the late Mesozoic, the major branches of the clade diverged from their common ancestor
69
In hypothesizing how pollen-producing and ovule-producing structures were combined into a single flower
Scientist Michael Frohlich proposed that the ancestor of angiosperms had separate pollen-producing and ovule-producing structures
70
The two main groups of angiosperms
Are monocots and eudicots
71
Basal angiosperms
Are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages
72
Magnoliids
Share some traits with basal angiosperms but are more closely related to monocots and eudicots
73
Pollination of flowers by animals and transport of seeds by animals
Are two important relationships in terrestrial ecosystems
74
Humans depend on seed plants for
Food Wood Many medicines
75
Destruction of habitat
Is causing extinction of many plant species and the animal species they support

AP Biology (11 decks)

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