AP Biology Chapter 6

Question 1

Cell wall

Answer 1

protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.

Question 2

Chloroplast

Answer 2

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from cabron dioxide and water.

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 4

Chromatin

Answer 4

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 5

Chromosome

Answer 5

a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 6

Cristae

Answer 6

an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane

Question 8

Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.

Question 9

Cytosol

Answer 9

the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

Question 10

Desmosome

Answer 10

a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as a rivet, fastening cells together

Question 11

Endomembrane system

Answer 11

the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Question 12

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions.

Question 13

Endosymbiont theory

Answer 13

the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Question 14

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 14

a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

Question 15

Extracellular matrix

Answer 15

the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells.

Question 16

Flagella

Answer 16

a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion

Question 17

Gap junction

Answer 17

a type of intercellular junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.

Question 19

Lysosome

Answer 19

a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration

Question 21

Microtubule

Answer 21

a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Question 22

Nuclear envelope

Answer 22

in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm.

Question 23

Nucleoid

Answer 23

a non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated

Question 24

Nucleolus

Answer 24

a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

Question 25

Nucleus

Answer 25

the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes

Question 26

Organelle

Answer 26

any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.

Question 27

Peroxisome

Answer 27

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

Question 28

Phagocytosis

Answer 28

a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by cell.

Question 29

Plasma membrane

Answer 29

the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition

Question 30

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 30

a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

Question 31

Ribosome

Answer 31

a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Question 32

Rough ER

Answer 32

the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

Question 33

Smooth ER

Answer 33

the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes

Question 34

Tight junction

Answer 34

a type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells

Question 35

Vacuole

Answer 35

a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells

Question 36

Vesicle

Answer 36

a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell