ap exam Flashcards

Question

justification for encomienda system

Answer 1

Native Americans who didn't convert to Christianity deserved to be enslaved

Answer 2

Native Americans died easily from disease and knew how to escape bc they knew the land

Answer 3

social hierarchy created by Spanish colonizers, people at top were taxed less

Answer 4

top of Caste System, people born in Spain

Answer 5

Second in Caste System, Spanish people born in Americas

Answer 6

third in Caste System, Spanish and Native mixed

Answer 7

fourth in Caste System, Spanish and African mixed

Answer 8

fifth in Caste System

Answer 9

last in Caste system

Answer 10

priests tried to convert Native Americans

Answer 11

- Pantheist/Animist - believed land couldn't be owned - had large kinship networks, not traditional European family

Answer 12

- 1680 - kicked Spanish out for 12 years after they tried to force them to only worship Christian god instead of worshipping alongside their gods

Answer 13

- argued for humanity of Native Americans and against encomienda system - argued for African labor instead

Answer 14

- established Quebec as French colony in 1608

Answer 15

- set out to find path to Asia in 1524 - interested in fish and fur trade in Americas, not many permanent settlements - married Native Americans for trade relationships

Answer 16

Native American group that French allied with in early colonization days

Answer 17

- sent by Dutch to find path to Asia - founded New Amsterdam

Answer 18

protestant but didn't try to convert Native Americans

Answer 19

- sought riches because of cost of wars with France and conquest of Ireland - some sought religious freedom - mostly family groups, had bad relationships with Native Americans

Answer 20

movement in England that sold common land to private parties and led peasants to colonize Americas because they wanted land

Answer 21

- established 1607 - Chesapeake Bay - financed by Joint-Stock company - purpose was to find gold and silver - nearly half of the settlers died in the first 2 years from famine - discovered tobacco as cash crop that saved them

Answer 22

- 1676 - colonists asked governor of Jamestown William Berkeley to stop Native frontier violence and he didn't do anything - uprising of indentured servants and poor farmers led by Nathaniel Bacon - elites feared more uprisings and switched to slave labor

Answer 23

- settled by Puritants in 1620 - originally economic reasons instead of religious; Puritans had lived in Holland where there was religious freedom but couldn't make a living as farmers in urban area - economy centered on agriculture and commerce

Answer 24

- permanent colonies in Caribbean established in 1620s - tobacco as cash crop first, then sugarcane - needed lots of slave labor - used slave codes to control slaves, led to similar practices in American South

Answer 25

- diverse but unequal societies - export economy

Answer 26

- settled by Quaker William Penn - religiously tolerant - mostly negotiated with Natives for land

Answer 27

- early representative government in Virginia - had power to levy taxes and make laws

Answer 28

- signed by New English colonists - established self-governance and democratic town meetings

Answer 29

- House of Burgesses - Mayflower compact - representative legislatures ran by elites in South and Middle colonies

Answer 30

- between Europe, Africa, and Americas or between Africa, North America, and South America - middle passage

Answer 31

- 1788 - passed by British parliament to limit number of slaves that could be on ships through middle passage

Answer 32

- assumes there's a finite amount of wealth in world because it's defined by precious metals - favorable balance of trade where exports>imports - colonies established as sources of riches and to buy goods from mother countries - made elites in colonies richer and turned ports into urban centers

Answer 33

- required colonists to only trade with England - colonists smuggled anyways

Answer 34

- because of mercantilism - tied social status in colonies to financial success rather than family

Answer 35

had access to large empires to subjugate under encomienda system

Answer 36

encroached on Native land and killed them

Answer 37

- chief of Wampanoags - led allied resistance to colonial encroachment on their land

Answer 38

- Metacom led Natives to attack colonists - British allied with Mohawks who killed Metacom - 1675

Answer 39

generally peaceful, allied and traded with them

Answer 40

- mostly house slaves since there were small farms not large plantations - in port cities like NY, they worked at ports

Answer 41

- established in Southern colonies - defined slaves as property and made slavery hereditary

Answer 42

- 1739 - South Carolina - black men stole weapons from store and killed store owners, burn plantations - put down by white militias - challenged notion that slavery was beneficial to black people

Answer 43

- Stono rebellion - maintaining culture/religion/beliefs/language - breaking tools

Answer 44

- emphasized rationality over religious beliefs - ideas about government inspired later revolution - natural rights, checks and balances, social contract

Answer 45

wrote about natural rights

Answer 46

- religious revival - pietism: heart>head - New Light preachers focused on democracy and wealth equality

Answer 47

- preacher in 1st Great Awakening - fervant preachings

Answer 48

traveled throughout colonies to preach spontaneously during 1st GA

Answer 49

- 1747 - British impressed Americans - led to riots in colonies, early resistance

Answer 50

- part of 7 Years War - Britain vs. French and Native allies - British colonists encroached on Ohio River Valley which French had claimed - Britain increased impressment and quartered troops - British won

Answer 51

worldwide conflict between Britain and France

Answer 52

- conquered by Washington in 1754 during French and Indian War - reconquered by French

Answer 53

- 1754 - delegates from several colonies met to talk about organized movement during French and Indian War - invited delegate of Iroquois Confederacy in hopes of gaining an alliance - Albany Plan of Union - colonies were still loyal to Britain

Answer 54

- introduced by Benjamin Franklin - suggested council of representation - "Join or Die" - not passed

Answer 55

- 1763 - ended French and Indian War - Spain ceded Florida to British - France lost all North American territory

Answer 56

- chief of Ottowa - Pontiac's Rebellion after French and Indian War - led raids against colonists in Ohio River Valley

Answer 57

- stopped colonists from going west past Appalachian Mountains because of Native American attacks - ignored

Answer 58

- Britain raised taxes - Pontiac's Rebellion - Proclamation of 1763

Answer 59

- enforced laws after French and Indian War - extended wartime provisions into peacetime - Quartering Act of 1765

Answer 60

- taxed luxury items - repealed in 1766

Answer 61

- 1765 - taxed paper goods - repealed in 1766

Answer 62

prevented colonies from having their own currencies

Answer 63

Britain argued colonies were virtually represented in Parliament when they complained about taxation without representation

Answer 64

- Sons/Daughters of Liberty - Vox Populi

Answer 65

- 1765 - 27 delegates from 9 colonies - petititoned Parliament to repeal Stamp Act - still loyal to Britain - Parliament repealed Stamp Act and Sugar Act in 1766

Answer 66

said Parliament had right to pass laws in colonies

Answer 67

- 1767 - taxed imported goods and gave money from taxes to British soldiers in colonies - led to boycotts - women made clothes and tea at home

Answer 68

- 1770 - people threw rocks at British soldiers and someone shot a gun, British killed 11 colonists - John Adams defended soldiers and 6/8 were acquited

Answer 69

- 1773 - protest against Tea Act - 50 members of Sons of Liberty dumped 45 tons of tea into Boston Harbor - Coercive Acts passed as pubishment

Answer 70

- 1774 - closed Boston Harbor until tea was paid for - part of Intolerable Acts

Answer 71

- Coercive Acts - second Quartering Act

Answer 72

- 1774 - delegates from every colony except Georgia (they relied on British protection from Native Americans on frontier) talked about tyranny - still didn't want revolution, only wanted rights - king refused to negotiate (Olive Branch Petition)

Answer 73

- John Locke - talked about consent of governed, natural rights (life, liberty, property), and self-rule (representation)

Answer 74

social contract, people agree to give government power in return for protection of natural rights

Answer 75

3 branhces of government with checks and balances

Answer 76

- Thomas Paine - 1776 - argued for independence from Britain, showed enlightenment ideas to commonpeople - John Adams believed it was too simplistic for such complicated ideas

Answer 77

- 1776 - formal resolution for independence

Answer 78

- written by Thomas Jefferson - 1776 - accepted on July 2 and publicized on July 4

Answer 79

people in support of revolution

Answer 80

colonists who opposed revolution and were loyal to Britain

Answer 81

- Washington appointed as general by Continental Congress - for the first 6 months, they won nothing - different regions didn't want to fight for each other

Answer 82

British general who went to NY with 10k trained troops and 60k loyalists

Answer 83

- granted freedom if they fought for America - 5k people

Answer 84

- Christmas Eve - Washington led troops across Delaware River and defeated Hessian (German) troops

Answer 85

- 1777 - American win - turning point that convinced France to ally with Americans - Spanish and Dutch joined later

Answer 86

- final American victory in 1781 with French navy - ended revolution

Answer 87

- 1783 - recognized US independence

Answer 88

- people pointed out hypocrisy of saying "all men are created equal" and having slaves - some Northern states abolished it - Continental Congress abolished importation of new slaves

Answer 89

gave troops supplies in American Revolution

Answer 90

- some dressed as men to fight - gave supplies

Answer 91

- killed British soldiers after inviting them into her home - spy for Americans

Answer 92

- women are important to democracy because thye teach their sons democratic ideas - expanded education for women because they needed to be able to teach their children

Answer 93

- 1789, inspired by AR - France was poor in 1780s from wars - King Louis XVII called meeting of Estates-General in 1789, commoners made up most of population but had equal vote to clergy and nobility - Third estate broke away and formed National Assembly - king threatened to arrest leaders, crowd stormed Bastille on July 14, 1789 - Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 94

- 1791- 1804, inspired by AR - French colony of mostly slaves was inspired by AR and FR, first successful slave revolt - Toussaint L'Ouverture led rebellion

Answer 95

- inspired by AR - Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and Chile all overthrew colonizers by 1822

Answer 96

- ratified in 1781 - influenced by state constitutions, concentrated power in legislative branch, no executive or judicial - every state in legislature had equal vote and had power to veto changes made to constitution - changes required 9/13 state approval (super majority)

Answer 97

- 1787 - expanded public education - abolished slavery in northwest - provided way for territories to apply for statehood

Answer 98

- 1786-1787 - Massachusetts - led by Daniel Shay - showed weakness of AoC bc federal gov couldn't put it down - protest of taxes after war

Answer 99

- 1787 - Philadelphia - 55 delegates met to talk about weakness of AoC - Madison and Hamilton convinced people to make new constitution

Answer 100

- strong centralized government - bicameral legislature with reps based on population - favored by large states

Answer 101

- unicameral government - equal representation for all states - favored by small states

Answer 102

- bicameral legislature - House of Reps based on population, Senate with 2 votes per state - House of Reps elected directly by people every 2 years, Senate elected by state legislatures every 6 years

Answer 103

slaves counted as 3/5s of a person for representation

Answer 104

- president elected with electoral college which was elected by states - slavery couldn't be banned until 1808 - 9/13 states had to ratify it - passed by adding Bill of Rights - ratified in 1788

Answer 105

supported ratification

Answer 106

- opposed ratification because they thought it gave the government too much power - demaned BoR

Answer 107

written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay in defense of Constitution

Answer 108

sharing of power between national and state government

Answer 109

national laws > state laws when they contradict

Answer 110

specifically for national gov, ex. declaring war

Answer 111

powers not explicitly given to national gov go to the states

Answer 112

- James Madison - "If men were angels, no government would be necessary"

Answer 113

- George Washington - established departments with secretary heads, these people made up his cabinet

Answer 114

- secretary of Treasury - established National Bank and national debt - argued elastic clause gave government power to make bank - stabilized economy - argued US should stay out of FR

Answer 115

- 1793 - issued by Washington to stay out of FR

Answer 116

- French minister who tried to get people to support FR - Washington tried to get him recalled but he became an American citizen

Answer 117

- John Jay, SCOTUS justice, sent to tell Britain to stop impressing Americans - treaty didn't address impressment so it made people mad - Britain gave up posts on western frontier

Answer 118

- allowed Americans to use port of New Orleans to trade along Mississippi - defined border between US and Spanish Florida

Answer 119

- 1794 - US army defeated Native confederacy - Native Americans surrendered land in Ohio River Valley

Answer 120

- 1794 - Philadelphian farmer uprising against taxes on whiskey - Washington put down rebellion with army, showed strength of new Constitution

Answer 121

- led by Hamilton - national government, elites, urban

Answer 122

- led by TJ - states rights, agrarian

Answer 123

warned against political parties and getting involved in foreign affairs

Answer 124

VP John Adams

Answer 125

- French delegates demanded bribe before opening negotiations about impressment - expansion of navy

Answer 126

- John Adams - made it illegal to criticize government publicly - allowed government to deport Irish and Scottish immigrants who were critical about pro-British government

Answer 127

said states had right to nullify unconstitutional laws

Answer 128

- TJ - 1800 - peaceful transfer of power between parties

Answer 129

- Benjamin Rush - 1787 - inspired Republican Motherhood

Answer 130

instituted education for girls in 1789

Answer 131

argued women should be able to live without men

Answer 132

lost power in their tribes as the US expanded bc they became war-focused because of frontier battles and men were center

Answer 133

painted Washington

Answer 134

painted women and black people with Enlightenment ideas

Answer 135

painted historical events and romanticized them, nationalism

Answer 136

- inspired by Europe, brick and stone - Monticello

Answer 137

- Ben Franklin - provided information to commonpeople

Answer 138

- TJ - established separation of church and state

Answer 139

peaceful transfer of power between federalists and dem reps

Answer 140

- 1803 - France was weak from war with Haiti and couldn't maintain territory - Jefferson sent Monroe to France, he bought the territory for $15 million - TJ believed in strict constructionism, but he justified purchase by saying they could expand westward

Answer 141

- 1804 - Lewis and Clark - explored Louisiana territory - mapping, scientific knowledge, relationships w/Natives

Answer 142

explored southern part of Louisiana territory in 1806

Answer 143

- 1803 - established judicial review when Marshall declaired Judiciary Act unconstitutional

Answer 144

- passed by federalists in before going out of power and made 16 openings for federal judges - Adams appinted midnight judges that weren't delivered by Madison

Answer 145

- 1819 - Marshall said states couldn't tax federal bank - national law > state law

Answer 146

- US paid tribute to North African people for protection of trader ships - ruler of Tripoli increased payments, TJ refused to pay, pirates attacked ships and Navy fought with pirates for 4 years - lesser tribute agreed upon

Answer 147

- Britain was impressing Americans and aiding frontier Natives - US won

Answer 148

dem reps who wanted war with Britain in 1812

Answer 149

- held by federalists who threatened to seceded about wWar of 1812 - seen as unpatriotic when the US won

Answer 150

- charter expired in 1811 - US had no source of credit for funding, they needed to improve infrastructure and transportation bc it was bad during War of 1812

Answer 151

- proposed by Henry Clay - federally funded roads and canals - tariffs - 2nd Bank - Madison and Monroe objected bc they thought it was an overreach, but by 1816 the Bank and tariffs were passed

Answer 152

- proposed by James Tallmadge when Missouri tried to apply for statehood as a slave state - Missouri would ban slavery after 25 years

Answer 153

- Henry Clay - Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain senate balance - states above 36 30 line would be free, below would be slave

Answer 154

- 1814 - ended War of 1812

Answer 155

- John Quincy Adams - established border between US and Canada along 49th parallel - joint US-Britain occupation of Oregon territory for 10 years

Answer 156

- 1819 - John Q Adams - sold Florida to US

Answer 157

- Spain was busy with Latin American revolutions and couldn't govern Florida, people were coming into US and raiding it - Monroe sent Jackson in 1817 to Florida and told him not to engage with Spanish troops - he killed 2 Seminole chiefs, 2 British citizens, and attacked 2 Spanish forts

Answer 158

- 1823 - Europeans can't be involved in western hemisphere

Answer 159

established by 1820s

Answer 160

- linking of northern industries with western and southern farms through advancements in agriculture, industry, and transportation - switch from agrarianism to capitalism - 1812-1850

Answer 161

connected Maryland to Illinois during Market Rev

Answer 162

- 1825 - NY - linked eastern manufacturing and western farms during Market Rev

Answer 163

increased trade efficiency during Market Rev

Answer 164

replaced canals by 1820s and 30s during Market Rev

Answer 165

- Eli Whitney - factories mass produced parts and workers assembled them - unskilled labor

Answer 166

- Eli Whitney - removed seeds from cotton fibers - southern farms could produce way more cotton - subsistence farming switched to commerical farming - demand for cotton in Britain got farms into international trade

Answer 167

made cotton into yarn

Answer 168

- came bc of potato famine and failed 1848 democratic revolutions - cheap labor - brought culture

Answer 169

- feared immigrants, specifically Catholics and Jews - 1830s and 40s - wanted to protect interests of white "native" Americans over immigrants

Answer 170

- developed in North - supported education and temperance - mostly protestant - leisure activities

Answer 171

- during Market Rev - said women belonged at home raising kids while husbands worked - middle class bc working class women had to work

Answer 172

- Massachusetts - employed New England women who had their lives controlled by boss

Answer 173

- farmers and poor whites demanded right to vote after Panic of 1819 bc they wanted to have a say on it - by 1825 most eastern states got rid of property requirements

Answer 174

- 2nd bank restricted lending to reduce inflation, state banks closed and there was less international demand for American goods - unemployment, debt, bankruptcy

Answer 175

- democrats and national republicans (not separate parties yet) - democrats wanted limited power and strict constructionism - national republicans wanted to expand federal power and have loose constructionism

Answer 176

- Adams, Clay, Jackson, and Crawford all ran for dem reps - Jackson won popular vote but nobody won electoral college so House had to decide - Clay supported Adams and House elected him, Adams made Clay secretary of state - Jackson called it the Corrupt Bargain

Answer 177

- let by Jackson - limited federal power, free trade, local rule - hated monopolies, tariffs, and Bank

Answer 178

- led by Clay - strong federal government, Bank, tariffs, federally funded improvements - hated crimes commited by immigrants

Answer 179

- passed by Adams before he left office - riased taces on imports by 35-45% - John C Calhoun of SC, VP, called it the Tariff of Abominations and said states could nullify it - compromise tariff

Answer 180

- 1833 - Jackson got Congress to allow him to use military to enforce tariff in South - SC nullified it

Answer 181

- 1816 - state banks closed bc they couldn't make payments to Bank - Jackson believed it hurt lower class - Jackson vetoed recharter bill in 1832

Answer 182

- 1830 - Jackson relocated natives west of Mississippi River in Oklahoma territory - trail of tears

Answer 183

- Cherokee in Georgia declared themselves sovereign, there was gold on their land and Georgia gov tried to kick them out - SCOTUS sided w/Cherokee

Answer 184

- 1835 - Cherokee delegates exchanged eastern territory for western reserve territory

Answer 185

resisted removal and settled on NC reservation

Answer 186

emotions over Enlightenment rationality

Answer 187

- Greek and Roman - Capitol Building

Answer 188

British author who inspired Americans during romanticism

Answer 189

- romanticism author - Last of the Mohicans

Answer 190

- romanticism author - Rip Van Winkle - The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Answer 191

- wrote dictionary in 1828 - standardized American English

Answer 192

- romanticism era - people painted American landscape and portrayed civilization as ruining it

Answer 193

emphasized beauty of nature and human perfectibility

Answer 194

- transcendentalist - wrote about individualism and self reliance

Answer 195

- transcendentalist - Walden

Answer 196

- utopian community in Kentucky during romanticism - believed men and women shouldn't interact

Answer 197

- utopian community during romanticism - believed in total equality

Answer 198

- religious revival among protestants - righteous living, restraint, morality for salvation - reform was in the hands of the people - democratic and individualism beliefs - diverse movement - romanticism > rationality - slavery is sinful

Answer 199

- preached with great emotion during 2nd GA - commonpeople could understand him

Answer 200

- founded by Joseph Smith - Smith was lynched when he claimed God told him to do polygamy - new leader Brigham Young led them to Utah

Answer 201

- founded in 1826 - led to laws about drinking

Answer 202

- Newspaper "The Liberator" - white people must oppose slavery morally, not violently - immediate abolitionism

Answer 203

- 1833 - founded by Garrison

Answer 204

Narrative said slavery made white people immoral

Answer 205

- 1848 - led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott - Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions inspired by DoI

Answer 206

- kept names, language, folktales, music, dance, religion - syncetized religion and practed their own religion along with Christianity - black preachers combined African and American cultures

Answer 207

- 1831 - VA - killed 57 white people - put down by VA militia - white people beat slaves and killed them afterwards out of fear

Answer 208

- 1839 - Spanish slave ship - killed cook who'd joked about eating them, killed captain - US v. Amistad, John Q Adams represented Africans and SCOTUS sided with them

Answer 209

by 1820-40 most southern legislatures had made it illegal to free slaves, teach them how to read and write, and for them to get married

Answer 210

- worked their own land - many were gradual abolitionists but they depended on plantation owners so they didn't do anything

Answer 211

- 3/5s compromise gave southern states a lot of representation and power - planters made loans, hired poor whites, and helped yeoman farmers transport their crops - gained support and made people dependent on them to maintain slavery

Answer 212

- argued slavery was good and held society together - Founding Fathers had known it was evil but had relied on it for economy

Answer 213

- idea that Amercans had divine right to go west - named by John O'Sullivan in July 1845

Answer 214

- 1848 - migration west

Answer 215

- 1830s and 40s - made land available to people for farming in the west - mostly middle class people because moving took money - people went for religious reasons as well, like Mormons

Answer 216

- elected in 1844 - wanted Texas and Oregon territories

Answer 217

- by 1830, there were 3x as many Americans in Texas as Mexicans, most of them supported slaves and were protestant - in 1829 Mexico outlawed slavery and made people convert to Roman Catholicism - Americans ignored their laws so they blocked immigration into Texas - in 1834 new dictator wanted to enforce laws harder

Answer 218

led Texas rebellion and declared it independent in 1836

Answer 219

Mexicans killed every American

Answer 220

- Houston captured Mexican general and forced him to sign treaty of Texas independence - Mexico didn't recognize it

Answer 221

- Jackson and Van Buren refused to let them in to avoid war w/Mexico - Tyler tried to annex them but the Senate denied - annexed by Polk

Answer 222

sent by Polk to Mexico City to ask Mexico to sell them more land and settle southern border

Answer 223

river Mexicans claimed Mexico-Texas border was on

Answer 224

river Americans claimed Mexico-Texas border was on

Answer 225

- sent by Polk in 1846 to the Rio Grande - Mexican troops met them there, 11 Americans killed

Answer 226

declared May 13, 1846

Answer 227

conquered Mexico City

Answer 228

- made Rio Grande Texas-Mexico border - established Mexican cession of California and New Mexico for $15 million

Answer 229

- 1853 - gave US part of Arizona

Answer 230

- David Wilmot - suggested new land from Mexico should be slave free - passed in House, not Senate

Answer 231

- wanted no slavery in new territories - didn't want white farmers to compete with slave labor, didn't want black people to settle in west - some were full abolitionists - founded Free Soil Party

Answer 232

- Henry Clay - California and New Mexico had entered as free states after Mexican-American War, which unbalanced Senate - compromise said Utah and New Mexico would decide slavery w/popular sovereignty, admitted Cali as free, banned slave trade in DC, and had fugitive slave law

Answer 233

nativist anti-immigration party

Answer 234

- Harriet Beecher Stowe - very popular in North, angered Southerners - depicted horrors of slavery

Answer 235

helped thousands of slaves to freedom in the north

Answer 236

- tried to raid Harper's Ferry in Virginia in 1859 to steal weapons and start slave uprising - stopped by Robert E Lee - southerners saw it as a threat of abolitionist violence

Answer 237

- 1854 - made Kansas and Nebraska popular sovereignty states even though they were above 36 30 line - Stephen Douglas's idea - overturned Compromise of 1820

Answer 238

- fought over whether to have slavery or not in Kansas - split Kansas into 2 legislatures, an anti slave and pro slave one - President Franklin Pierce only recognized pro slave one

Answer 239

- 1857 - Scott was enslaved man in Missouri brought to Illinois and Wisconsin, free states - he sued for his freedom and SCOTUS justice Roger Taney said slaves couldn't sue in federal court and constitution couldn't deny anyone of property, slaves = property - made it unconstitutional to ban slavery anywhere

Answer 240

pro slavery whigs

Answer 241

anti slavery/free soil whigs

Answer 242

- formed against spread of slavery - won Congress positions in 1858

Answer 243

- Dem Stephen Douglas vs. Rep Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln didn't want to fully abolish slavery, but keep it from spreading - Lincoln won without any southern electoral votes, made south realize they were powerless

Answer 244

- led by Stephen Douglas - wanted popular sovereignty to decide slavery

Answer 245

- led by John Breckinridge - wanted territories to have slave code until they became states and then they could decide w/popular sovereignty

Answer 246

- December 1860 after Lincoln was elected - followed by 10 mores states, formed Confederacy - states' articles of secession said they did it to protect slavery

Answer 247

- VP of confederacy - Cornerstone speech said slavery was cornerstone of morally good society

Answer 248

- defensive war - more experienced leaders like Lee and Stonewall Jackson

Answer 249

- bigger population - controlled banks, manufacturing, and railroads - navy

Answer 250

many started by making things for Union

Answer 251

- relied on tariffs and taxes, but southern states didn't like war tax - north used naval blockades

Answer 252

- 1863, NY - northern men had to pay $300 to get out of draft, they protested - 120 people killed

Answer 253

- Union fort in SC - under siege, confederacy fired on incoming suppliers - beginning of CW

Answer 254

- began with Union winning - Stonewall Jackson's reinforcements beat them

Answer 255

plan by Union to split confederacy by blockading Mississippi

Answer 256

- south hoped to get France and Britain to fight with them because they wanted cotton (King Cotton plan) - Egypt and India colonies had cotton so Europeans didn't need south

Answer 257

- 1863 - freed slaves in confederacy, not border states - changed purpose of war to abolition, stopped Britain, which had just abolished slavery, from allying with South - some slaves in confederacy escaped to Union and fought in the army

Answer 258

- Union gained control over Mississippi, led by Grant - split Confederacy

Answer 259

- William Tecumsuh Sherman - destroyed southern crops and infrastructure

Answer 260

- Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomatoox court house - April 9, 1865

Answer 261

- November 19, 1863 - reframed war as abolitionism and united nation

Answer 262

- Lincoln's idea for reconstruction, he didn't want to punish them too harshly and make them mad again - southern states could reestablish state governments if 10% of electorate pledged loyalty to Union and if they ratified 13th Amendment - Lincol assassinated by John Wilkes Booth before he could enact it

Answer 263

- took over after Lincoln's assassination - let South establish black codes that forced black people to work for low wages

Answer 264

passed extension of Freedmen's Bureau, Civil Rights Act of 1866, and Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Answer 265

- gave black people citizenship and equal protection - vetoed by Johnson, overturned by Congress

Answer 266

made all people born in the US citizens with equal protection

Answer 267

- vetoed by Johnson, overturned by Congress - made southern states ratify 14th Amendment and add universal male suffrage to constitutions

Answer 268

- 1867 - made it illegal for president to fire someone in their cabinet without congressional approval - Johnson fired someone and Congress impeached him

Answer 269

- gave black men voting rights, not women

Answer 270

- formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony - demanded federal voting rights for women

Answer 271

- formed by Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell - focused on suffrage in states, not federally

Answer 272

- replaced slavery in south - people worked land in return for some of the harvest

Answer 273

- founded 1867 - terrorized and lynched black people

Answer 274

- prohibited black people from borrowing money to buy and rent land and testifying against white people - segregation

Answer 275

Tilden won popular vote but neither one won electoral

Answer 276

- Hayes won presidency and federal troops were removed from south

Answer 277

- use of machines instead of laborers - mechanical reaper and combine harvester - small farmers couldn't afford machines and couldn't compete

Answer 278

- 1868 - Granger Laws against unfair railroad prices - railroad owners chagred high prices to farmers who relied on them to transport their crops

Answer 279

- 1866 - established Interstate Commerce Comission to regulate railroad rates

Answer 280

granted land to railroad companies to build transcontinental railroads

Answer 281

- 1862 - granted people 160 acres of land in the west if they farmed and settled it - wasn't enough land to make a living, many farmers failed

Answer 282

- found in 1869 - migration

Answer 283

formed from migrants, very diverse

Answer 284

first people to cut into soil in west

Answer 285

- 1890 - US Census Bureau declared it settled

Answer 286

wrote essay about how closing frontier was bad because without a promise for a fresh start, the US would be overtaken by social hierarchies like in Europe

Answer 287

assigned natives to plots of land

Answer 288

- 1886 - Sioux beat US soldiers, led to more restrictions and violence against natives

Answer 289

- 1871 - ended federal recognition of sovereignty of natives and treaties

Answer 290

- 1887 - divided reservations and made Natives settle on land and assimilate to become citizens

Answer 291

attempted to end native culture

Answer 292

said if Natives participated in dance ritual their ancestors would return and kick out settlers

Answer 293

- South Dakota 1890 - US tried to disarm Lakota - someone performed ghost dance - army killed over 200

Answer 294

- editor of "Atlantic Constitution" - said south needed to industrialize after war - southern states passed northern in textile manufacturing - still mostly agricultural with share cropping

Answer 295

- 1896 - said segregation was legal - separate but equal - Jim Crow laws segregated everything, rise of lynch mobs

Answer 296

- editor of black newspaper against lynching and Jim Crow - presses were destroyed and she fled to North

Answer 297

founded International Migration Society to help black people move to Africa

Answer 298

thought black people needed to become economically powerful, not politically

Answer 299

- before, people made things for themselves or to sell locally - after, things were mass produced and sold globally

Answer 300

invented bessemer process to make more steel

Answer 301

- became more popular during industrialization - trans-atlantic cable connected America and Europe

Answer 302

small businesses outcompeted by trusts

Answer 303

- John Rockefeller - bought all competition, horizontal integration

Answer 304

- Andrew Carnegie - controlled all steps in production, vertical integration

Answer 305

- led to little regulation, low wages, and bad conditions - child labor and women were paid less

Answer 306

said companies deserved to destroy weaker companies, survival of fittest

Answer 307

- Carnegie - said rich people had divine duty to do philanthropy - Carnegie wanted to help poor people better themselves, not hand them success - public libraries and universities

Answer 308

- showing wealth on purpose - ex. Biltmore

Answer 309

- working class lived in poverty even though wages were increasing - prices decrased because of mass production - gap between poor and rich grew, but so did standards of living

Answer 310

- workers couldn't demand better conditions by themselves because the companies would just fire them - forced factory owners to listen

Answer 311

- companies cut wages and railroad workers went on strike in 11 states - shut down 60% of railroads - Hayes sent troops to restore order, 100 people died

Answer 312

- Pullman cut wages during Panic of 1893 and fired union workers, workers went on strike - Eugene V. Debbs told members of his union not to work on trains with pullman cars - owners hooked up pullman cars with trains carrying federal mail so workers couldn't interfere - Debbs and others jailed

Answer 313

- formed in 1881 - national union that allowed black people and women to join - aimed to destroy trusts, monopolies, and child labor

Answer 314

- 1886 - KoL rally was bombed, public associated bombing and violence with labor unions and support decreased

Answer 315

- AFL - led by Samuel Gompers

Answer 316

- middle/upper class moved away, mostly made up of immigrants and working class - people lived in tenements without sanitation - ethnic enclaves

Answer 317

- mass migration of southern black people into west - in 1870s 40k people moved - Colored Relief Board, Kansas Freedmen's Aid Society - many couldn't get land from railroad companies

Answer 318

protestant minister who argued immigrants were part of inferior races

Answer 319

formed against catholics

Answer 320

labor unions feared immigrants getting in the way of their bargaining because they were willing to work for low wages in bad conditions and owners would replace protesting workers with immigrants

Answer 321

people said immigrants were racially inferior

Answer 322

- blamed immigrants for economic struggles during Panic of 1873 - claimed immigrants caused low wages for everyone because they were willing to work them

Answer 323

- 1882 - banned all Chinese immigration

Answer 324

- established settlement houses in Chicago to help immigrants assimilate and get more opportunities - Hull House in 1889 - educated immigrants and taught them about democracy

Answer 325

- managerial people in factories, higher wages and lower hours - leisure time - Coney Island, P.T. Barnum's circuses, sports

Answer 326

established schools for poor

Answer 327

suggest single tax which would tax rich people more

Answer 328

wrote book Looking Backward about man waking up in future utopian socialist society

Answer 329

all means of production should be owned and regulated by community and it should benefit everyone equally

Answer 330

established socialist party in 1901 and ran for president

Answer 331

- believed Christian principles should heal society - protestant preachers supported justice for urban poor and told middle class to help impoverished people as divine duty

Answer 332

axed liquor barrels in saloons

Answer 333

- established in 1886 to regulare railroads - underfunded and weak

Answer 334

- laissez faire supporters wanted to overthrow it in 1893 to gain new markets - US annexed islands in 1898

Answer 335

- 1899-1900 - gave equal trading rights to Europeans in Chinese ports

Answer 336

got involved when it helped economy, not when it helped workers

Answer 337

political machines and immigrants

Answer 338

black people, middle class, protestants

Answer 339

assassinated by someone he hadn't given job to under patronage system

Answer 340

- 1881 - replaced patronage with examination

Answer 341

- prevented inflation but was limited and seen as elitist - farmers and entrepreneurs wanted paper money and silver

Answer 342

- hurt farmers because of retaliation tariffs which would make people internationally not buy their crops - expensive for consumers

Answer 343

- direct senate vote - referendums for people to propose and vote on legislation - graduated income tax - 8 hour work day

Answer 344

- didn't win presidency - bigger parties took their ideas - dems supported free silver and got populist vote

Answer 345

- groups of people who coerced votes for their parties - bosses at top rewarded people with jobs

Answer 346

- New York - led by Boss Tweed - helped immigrants and poor to get votes - stole money from taxpayers

Answer 347

- bought by US in 1867 - Russia and UK had both claimed it, William Seward (sec of state) proposed purchase for $7.2mil (Seward's Folly) - gold discovered in 1898

Answer 348

- wanted access to raw materials and markets for goods - used social darwinism to say America had to expand bc it was survival of the fittest - wanted to expand to Cuba, a Spanish colony

Answer 349

- wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis in 1895 - argued white Anglo-Sacons were best and it was Christian duty for white race to expand and civilize other nations

Answer 350

- The Influence of Sea Power on History - strong countries got powerful with navy - led to race to get pacific and caribbean territories

Answer 351

- believed in self-determination for other countries - argued Washington had wanted isolationism - said Constitution had to apply to colonized countries, not because they wanted those people to have rights but because they knew imperialists wouldn't want to give minorities rights so they'd be less likely to want to expand

Answer 352

crushed by Spanish in 1895, led to yellow journalism about what happened

Answer 353

- led by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst - tried to get public attention by exaggerating Spanish atrocities, convinced people they needed to intervene

Answer 354

- exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, killing 200 Americans - yellow journalists claimed Spanish did it

Answer 355

told Spain to back off in Cuba or they'd go to war; Spain agreed but they went to war anyways

Answer 356

- America won - Cuba gained independence - Philippines ceded for $20 mil

Answer 357

- America made Cuba add it to their constitution - allowed US to intervene if economic interests in Cuba were threatened

Answer 358

- before Spanish-American War was over, TR sent Navy to Philippines to attack Spanish and they allied w/Filipino nationalists to overthrow Spain - US took over after war instead of giving Philippines independence

Answer 359

led Filipinos to try and overthrow US, fail

Answer 360

- American settlers overthrew queen in 1893 - annexed in 1898

Answer 361

sec of state who sent open door note to Europeans in China telling them to trade equally

Answer 362

- concerned with powers of businesses, uncertainties in economy, violent conflicts between labor groups and employers, Jim Crow, political machines, women's suffrage, and temperance - diverse group that all believed gov intervention was necessary to fix society

Answer 363

exposed corruption and bad business practices

Answer 364

wrote The Jungle and exposed conditions of meatpacking industry

Answer 365

exposed Standard Oil

Answer 366

took photos for How the Other Half Lives to show tenement conditions

Answer 367

supported by progressives to stop corruption

Answer 368

direct election of senators

Answer 369

prohibition

Answer 370

women's suffrage

Answer 371

supported by progressives, voters could require legislators to consider bills

Answer 372

supported by progressives, allowed people to vote on adoption of proposed law

Answer 373

supported by progressives, people could remove corrupt politicians

Answer 374

- Principles of Scientific Management in 1909 - increased factory productivity - Taylorism

Answer 375

led by W.E.B Dubois to fight for CR

Answer 376

fought for black education and abolishment of segregation

Answer 377

- FDR - during Anthracite Coal Strike he met with business leaders and miners - conservation, consumer protection, and regulation - became known as "trust breaker" and enforced Sherman Anti Trust Act - Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act - Forest Reserve Act in 1891 reserved 150mil acres

Answer 378

began in Europe in July 1914, Allied vs Central powers

Answer 379

- passenger ship sunk by Germans in Britain on 1915, 128 Americans killed - Germans kept shinking ships, led to US entry into WWI

Answer 380

- Germany sent telegram to Mexico trying to get them to go to war with US in return for them helping them get the land back they lost in the Mexican-American war - intercepted by US, led to Congress declaring war on Germany and entry into WWI

Answer 381

congress declared war on Germany April 2, 1917

Answer 382

led by John J Pershing during WWI

Answer 383

- 11/11/1918 - ended WWI

Answer 384

- Woodrow Wilson's proposed plan after WWI - didn't want to punish Germany like Britain and France - created League of Nations to negotiate instead of going to war - Congress didn't let US join to avoid conflict - Britain and France punished Germany

Answer 385

countries used all resources, including civilian resources, both WW's

Answer 386

- established by Wilson during WWI - coordinated labor and management at factories

Answer 387

- established by Wilson during WWI - ensured sufficient food production

Answer 388

- 1917 - made it crime to oppose WWI

Answer 389

- 1918 - made it crime to oppose WWI

Answer 390

- Schenck wrote pamphlets trying to get people to oppose WWI draft, he was arrested - SCOTUS ruled against him bc freedom of speech didn't apply when there was a "clear and present danger"

Answer 391

killed people during WWI and government outlawed publications about it to avoid damaging war effort

Answer 392

- began in 1919 - successful Russian Revolution made people scared of the spread of communism

Answer 393

- attorney general Mitchell Palmer told Edgar Hoover to get info on suspected radicals - 6000 arrests, 500 deportations

Answer 394

- 1921 and 1924 - set quotas for accepting immigrants especially from Eastern Europe and Asia bc people feared communism from those places

Answer 395

- black people moved to urban areas in north to escape Jim Crow - NY and Chicago had jobs because of immigration quotas - 25 race riots in 1919

Answer 396

- 1921 - white woman accused black man of assaulting her - lynch mob killed 300 black people

Answer 397

became popular in 20s, more people settled in suburbs and roads became dominant

Answer 398

- 1913 manufacturing plant had assembly lines - unskilled labor

Answer 399

his study on psychology helped advertisers figure out how to make ads

Answer 400

- spread in 1920s with radio and cinema - Jazz Singer was the first movie with syncronized sound and music, ended silent film era - emphasized cultural and regional differences because people didn't see themselves represented in all entertainment - led to Harlem Renaissance

Answer 401

sign of women's liberation during 1920s

Answer 402

jacc, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay

Answer 403

talked about waste of life in WWI

Answer 404

modernists who embraced changing culture, especially evolution

Answer 405

fundamentalists who believed in strict interpretation of the bible, no evolution

Answer 406

- 1925 - John Scopes taught evolution in Tennessee where it was illegal and was arrested, prosecutor was William Jennings Bryant - Scopes was convicted for breaking law but people saw it as modernism beating fundamentalism

Answer 407

- 10/29/1929 - stockmarket crash

Answer 408

- farmers overproduced because of tariffs like Hawley-Smooth tariff - stock market inflated because of speculation

Answer 409

shanty towns people lived in during GD, name was criticism of Hoover's laissez faire policies during GD that didn't make anything better

Answer 410

won in 1932 and promised heavy federal involvement to fix GD

Answer 411

gov takes responsibility for social and economic matters

Answer 412

- relief, reform, recovery - created jobs and regulated stock market

Answer 413

- Public Works Administration - Tennessee Valley Authority - Civilian Conservation Corps

Answer 414

National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933

Answer 415

- Glass-Steagull Act (1933) - created Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation which guaranteed bank deposits with federal money

Answer 416

Securities and Exchange Commission

Answer 417

- 1935 - provided safety net of income for people over 65 - took some of their earnings for retirement

Answer 418

thought it did too much for businesses

Answer 419

thought it was federal overreach

Answer 420

proposed by FDR which would allow him to appoint new SCOTUS justices for everyone older than 70 1/2 so he could appoint people who would support the ND, not passed

Answer 421

ND caused minorities and working class to go to dems

Answer 422

- elected 1920 - promised to return to isolationism - increased tariffs

Answer 423

raised tariffs and caused decrease of international trade

Answer 424

signed between 62 nations that tried to make war illegal, impossible to enforce

Answer 425

- Mussolini in Italy - Hitler in Germany - Hirohito in Japan - made isolationism hard to maintain bc people wanted to get involved

Answer 426

invaded by Japan in 1931

Answer 427

invaded by Germany in 1936

Answer 428

invaded by Germany in 1937

Answer 429

invaded by Germany in 1938

Answer 430

invaded by Italy in 1936

Answer 431

Hitler invaded Poland in september 1939

Answer 432

showed that corporations had profitted off WWI and cautioned against entering WWII

Answer 433

wanted to get involved in WWII before war could get to US

Answer 434

- FDR - allowed countries to buy arms from US, specifically Britain

Answer 435

- FDR - exchanged American destroyers fore land rights on British posessions

Answer 436

- 1941 - allowed Britain to buy arms from US

Answer 437

- 10/7/1941 - led to declaration of war against Japan and declaration of war against US by Germany

Answer 438

- increased federal spending 1000% - increased GDP 15%, pulled US out of GD

Answer 439

propoganda and mobilization for WWII at home

Answer 440

motivated women to work in factories during WWII, in WWI they'd been discouraged

Answer 441

1 million, segregated

Answer 442

victory against fascism abroad and racism at home

Answer 443

black pilots during WWII

Answer 444

- 300k Mexican soldiers for US - provision in 1942 let more Mexican farmers in to take over farms from people who'd gone to fight

Answer 445

- 1940 - first peacetime draft

Answer 446

- executive order 9066 - confiscated property and forced Japanese Americans into internment camps - gov apologized and gave reparations in 1988

Answer 447

- people saw it as a fight for democracy - Holocaust convince them it was just

Answer 448

fight against Japan

Answer 449

- 1942 - turning point in war against Japan, US began pushing Japanese back

Answer 450

- before June 1944, Russia was main defender against Germany - wanted Uk and US to help in west

Answer 451

- FDR, Stalin, and Churchill met to discuss WWII strategy

Answer 452

- June 6, 1944 - largest amphibious invasion, 200k allied troops - liberated France

Answer 453

- winter 1944-45 - Germany's last stand, they were defeated

Answer 454

April 30, 1945

Answer 455

May 7, 1945

Answer 456

victory in Europe day, May 7

Answer 457

in Pacific theatre, US took small islands to cut off Japanese supply

Answer 458

Truman learned about atomic bombs in April of 1945

Answer 459

- Hiroshima on Aug 6 1945 - Nagasaki on Aug 9 1945

Answer 460

- Sep 2, 1945 - V-J Day

Answer 461

- US emerged as most powerful country bc they hadn't had home war - they wanted to stop spread of communism - Germany was divided into capitalist west and communist East - Stalin claimed Eastern European countries as buffer zone between Germany and USSR - creation of UN to prevent war

Answer 462

gave money to rebuilding European countries so they'd choose capitalism over communism

Answer 463

- began after WWII - USSR vs. US, no direct open warfare - US had feared communism since 1917 Russian Revolution - democratic capitalism vs. communism, both expansionist

Answer 464

Allies had agreed after WWII that Eastern European countries would have free elections, USSR kept troops there and angered people

Answer 465

- split between communist east and capitalist west, Berlin split as well - USSR wanted to keep Germany weak while west wanted to help them recover

Answer 466

Winston Churchill's term for the split between western capitalism and eastern communism

Answer 467

US plan to control spread of communism

Answer 468

- gave support to countries threatened by communism, response to USSR pressure on Greece and Turkey - $400mil of economic and military aid

Answer 469

- sec of state George Marshall - provided $13bil to Europe to rebuild so they'd have stable economies and not become communist

Answer 470

USSR tried to stop west from supporting west Berlin so they could take it over

Answer 471

carried supplies in and stopped USSR from taking over

Answer 472

- NATO - western military alliance

Answer 473

eastern military alliance

Answer 474

- arms race - Truman ordered development of hydrogen bomb in 1952, USSR followed - mutually assured destruction

Answer 475

- fought between USSR and US indirectly, US backed capitalist part of countries in civil wars and USSR backed communist part - Korea and Vietnam

Answer 476

- divided along 38th parallel after WWII, USSR controlled North and US controlled South - in June 1950, North invaded South and UN sent troops to support South - General Douglas McCarthy led US to push them back to border with China, Chinese troops pushed them back to 38th parallel and war ended how it started

Answer 477

- 1947 - passed in response to labor strikes during Red Scare and make strikes more difficult - made Union leaders pledge they weren't communists - feared working class uprising

Answer 478

- executive order by Truman in 1947 - made federal employees swear they weren't communist/fascist and allowed federal investigations into their political affiliations

Answer 479

- House - searched for communism in society, specifically in Hollywood

Answer 480

- 1947 - had to testify in Congress about being communists, they refused and were blacklisted and imprisoned

Answer 481

- Senator Joseph McCarthy made speech in 1950 claiming there were 205 communists infiltrating state department - he wasn't able to prove it - "mccarthyism" refers to the public, often unsubstantiated accusations during Red Scare

Answer 482

- on Aug 29, 1949, USSR tested first atomic bomb and made people suspicious they had gotten leaked plans from US - Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of being spies and executed in 1953 - Julius actually was a spy

Answer 483

- 1944 - GI Bill - gave money to WWII vets for college and businesses

Answer 484

- 1945-1960 - increased demand for housing, led to suburbs

Answer 485

- middle class lived in them and commuted to cities with cars, minorities and impoverished lived in cities - Levitowns built by William J Levins gave low cost houses

Answer 486

- 1956 - created highways

Answer 487

- south and west - many GI's - shifted political power to south

Answer 488

- because of McCarthyism, people wanted to seem very normal and fit in - TV presented ideal American suburb life - advertising industry, rock and roll, credit cards

Answer 489

poets who rebelled against conformity in mass culture era

Answer 490

- Book on the Road - rejected poetic meter

Answer 491

Catcher in the Rye

Answer 492

- Truman - banned army segregation - 1948 - enforced 2 years later bc he didn't want to lose southern support - recommended by Committee on CR created in 1946 who also recommended abolition of poll tax

Answer 493

- 1962 - abolished poll tax

Answer 494

- 1954 - SCOTUS ruled segregated schools was unconstitutional - overturned Plessy unanimously - vague in their time line and let southern states stall

Answer 495

- governor of Arkansas who used national guard to prevent black students from entering Little Rock HS in 1956 - Eisenhower sent troops to protect Little Rock 9

Answer 496

- coup in 1954 led by US overthrew democratically elected socialist government because they had nationalized land American company was using - CIA trained Guatemalans and installed military dictatorship

Answer 497

- took over Cuba in 1959 - communist country too close to US

Answer 498

- failed invasion of Cuba - Eisenhower allowed training and arming of Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro - invaders were captured

Answer 499

- 1963 - USSR kept nukes in Cuba like US had done in Turkey

Answer 500

CIA planned to overthrow him in 1953 and return Shah to power because US wanted to nationalize Iran's oil, which the Shah had agreed to do

Answer 501

- divided at 17th Parallel, communist north (Ho Chi Minh) and democratic south - $1bil given to south because of domino theory

Answer 502

idea that if one country fell to communism others would follow

Answer 503

Eisenhower warned against this and said US shouldn't make policies based on interests of people who made weapons because they would be led into war

Answer 504

sent by JFK into South Vietnam, claimed they weren't there to fight

Answer 505

- North Vietnam fired on US ship, used as justification for Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which gave LBJ power to take all measures to prevent spread of communism in vietnam (1964)

Answer 506

- by 1963 there were 40k soldiers in Vietnam - by 1965 200k, 2 years later it was more than doubled

Answer 507

LBJ lied about success of Vietnam war but because of TV people knew it wasn't going well

Answer 508

- North Vietnam attack that killed many Americans - American counter attack killed many Viet Cong - after this LBJ's advisors refused to let him send more troops

Answer 509

Nixon's plan to remove troops while still financially aiding South

Answer 510

- LBJ - sought to abolish poverty - because of Vietnam, there wasn't much funding for this - abolished immigration quotas

Answer 511

education programs for impoverished

Answer 512

gave health insiurance to elderly and impoverished, part of great society

Answer 513

expanded liberalism during liberalism golden age

Answer 514

- 1963 - state must provide attorney for people who can't afford it

Answer 515

- 1965 - said anti birth control laws are unconstitutional

Answer 516

- 1962 - said prayer in public schools violated 1st amendment

Answer 517

- 1962 - said state legislation lines had to be redrawn according to population density

Answer 518

- 1965 - Rosa Parks refused to give up seat and was arrested - citywide boycott for year that ended bus policy

Answer 519

- advocated for civil disobedience inspired by Gandhi - assassinated in 1968

Answer 520

black people sat at whites-only lunch counters, mass arrests made the news and restaurants were pressured to change policies

Answer 521

- worked with MLK to peacefully protest in Montogomery - pubic safety commissioner Bull Connor told city police to use hoses and dogs to disperse crowd, children injured - footage of police brutality increased support for movement

Answer 522

- 1963 - I have a dream

Answer 523

- led militant part of movement, wanted to counter violence with violence - black panthers

Answer 524

made discrimination illegal

Answer 525

abolished literacy tests and poll tax, allowed gov to oversee voting in historically low black voter turnout places

Answer 526

- 1967 - made interracial marriage legal

Answer 527

- Betty Friedan - 1963 - challenged notion that women didn't want education or jobs - sold over 1mil copies by 1964

Answer 528

- NOW - 1966 - wanted equal opportunity and pay - worked to pass ERA

Answer 529

Gloria Steinum

Answer 530

- 1972 - banned gender discrimination in education and funded women's sports teams

Answer 531

- would constitutionally prevent sex-based discrimination - Phyllis Schlafly's Stop Era campaign said it took privileges from women and stopped ratification

Answer 532

- 1973 - said states couldn't prohibit abortion from 14th Amendment right to privacy

Answer 533

- 1962 - Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta - fought for higher wages for latino farmers

Answer 534

- 1968 - fought to reclaim heritage and traditions and address systemic poverty

Answer 535

- 1968 - treaty said abandoned land would be returned to Native Americans - 19 months

Answer 536

- 1975 - gave natives more control over land, laws, and education

Answer 537

- 1969 raid led to more resistance to gay rights violations - homosexuality changed from mental illness to sexuality in 1970

Answer 538

- YAF - supported Vietnam War and containment

Answer 539

- SDS - released Port Huron statement about participatory democracy - challenged notion that containing communism was the most important thing

Answer 540

- 1970 - 4 student protestors against Vietnam war killed and 10 wounded by national guard

Answer 541

- against social norms - hippies (Haigh-Ashbury District in SF) - informal clothes and music - Woodstock Music Festival in 1969

Answer 542

- OPEC - formed in 1973 - reduced oil exports to US because of its support of Israel - fuel prices rose, shortages

Answer 543

- PA - radioactive waste leak that led to fear about using nuclear energy along with chernobyl - 1979

Answer 544

- Rachel Carson - 1962 - said pesticides poison Earth - first Earth Day in 1970

Answer 545

- made by Nixon in 1970 - managed pollution and regulated industries - took control of air pollution from Clear Air Act (1963)

Answer 546

- ran for president in 1964 - part of the New Right which resisted liberalism

Answer 547

opposed communism and made conspiracy theories, radical right

Answer 548

- magazine The National Review denounced radical conservatives - moderate conservative

Answer 549

- group of Christians who opposed liberalism

Answer 550

- founded by Jerry Falwell in 1979 - combined Christianity and conservative politics - said separation of church and state was causing moral decay

Answer 551

- Focus on the Family radio station - argued for prayer in schools and resistance to gay rights

Answer 552

led to recession in 70s, Nixon tried to fix it by cutting federal spending but made it worse

Answer 553

- Nixon's reelection committee broke into Dem headquarters and tried to bug phones and steal docs, Nixon knew and lied about it - Nixon resigned before he could be impeached

Answer 554

- 1978 - said affirmative action was unconstitutional

Answer 555

seen as bad president, he dealt with stagflation, energy crisis, and Iran Hostage crisis

Answer 556

- cold war conservatism - pro business economy (less regulations) - moral/religious conservatism

Answer 557

Reagan won by a lot, seen as rejection of liberalism

Answer 558

- supply side - cut taxes for rich and regulations on businesses - thought gov should stay out of businesses - cut federal spending on welfare and used it on defense instead - Reagan appointed 4 conservative SCOTUS judges

Answer 559

- 1981 - cut taxes for rich

Answer 560

- reduced safety regulations in cars - opened land for mining and oil drilling

Answer 561

- 1982 - said Marxism and USSR would fall to democracy

Answer 562

brief more peaceful period of cold war under Nixon

Answer 563

- became USSR president in 1985 - attempted to give more political freedom for USSR citizens - limited free market practices - removed troops from Afghanistan

Answer 564

US and USSR agreed to destroy all intermediate range missiles

Answer 565

said US would support any anticommunist regime

Answer 566

- became communist in 1979 under Sandinista government - US trained contras to overthrow them, but contras violated human rights and Congress stopped it

Answer 567

US sold weapons secretly to Iran contras for war against Iraq and Reagan illegally used funds to aid Nicaragua contras

Answer 568

- star wars - idea to build satellites to shoot down missiles from space

Answer 569

- they had started falling apart by 1988 bc of unrest in Eastern Europe - Gorbachav stopped using USSR military to support communist govs in Eastern Europe - starting with Poland in 1989, many of them elected non communist leaders, including east Germany (berlin wall fell) - officially fell in 1991

Answer 570

signed by US and russia after USSR fell apart to reduce nukes

Answer 571

gave funds to russia after ussr collapse

Answer 572

- computers, internet, email, online shopping - increased productivity starting in 1995 bc of increase in communication

Answer 573

- declined because of outsourcing to cheaper labor in other countries - General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs (1994) made outsourcing easier - decline of labor unions - in 1981 Reagan got striking air traffic workers fired

Answer 574

increased over manufacturing industry, low wages

Answer 575

- Latin American immigrants to South for farming, decrease in house seats for north and increase in south - Mexican immigrants took low wage agriculture jobs nobody else wanted - immigrants are 1/3 of population growth, white population declining

Answer 576

- 1965 - allowed more immigration

Answer 577

- led to war on terror - Bush demanded Afghanistan hand over Bin Laden, Taliban refused so he deployed troops - creation of department of homeland security

Answer 578

- 2003 bc of dubious evidence that Saddam Hussein knew about 9/11 and had WoMD - Operation Iraqi Freedom sought to establish democracy

Answer 579

- 2001 and 2003 - allowed more survaillance over civilians

Answer 580

- invaded Kuwait in 1990, an oil source for US - Persian Gulf War

ap exam Flashcards

(608 cards)