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AP human geography > AP HUG unit 2 flashcards > Flashcards

AP HUG unit 2 flashcards

1
Q

What physical and human factors influence population distribution?

A

Physical factors: climate, landforms, water bodies
Human factors: cultural, economic, historical, political

These factors determine where humans choose to live to meet their basic needs.

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2
Q

What are the mid-latitude regions characterized by?

A

Regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees North and South of the Equator with moderate climate and better conditions for farming

Most people live within this latitude.

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3
Q

Where do most people tend to live in relation to freshwater?

A

Near lakes and rivers

Freshwater sources are crucial for drinking, irrigation, transportation, and fishing.

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4
Q

What are low-lying areas advantageous for?

A

Better soil for crops and proximity to oceans for trade

Oceans also help moderate climate.

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5
Q

What natural resources affect population settlement?

A

Forests, minerals, oil, etc.

These resources influence where people choose to live.

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6
Q

Economic factors:

A

Abundance of jobs and Transportation networks to gain access to markets such as Railroads, roads, rivers create linear patterns.

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7
Q

Cultural factors:

A

People with similar cultures group together. Religious groups like the Mormons and Amish moved to escape persecution and preserve their culture.

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8
Q

What is Eucemene?

A

Regions inhabited by human settlement

It contrasts with non-Eucemene, which are areas mostly uninhabited.

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9
Q

What is Non-Eucemen?

A

Refers to areas too difficult for large populations, making them mostly uninhabited.

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10
Q

What are the three methods for calculating population density?

A

Arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density

Each method reveals different pressures exerted by the population on land.

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11
Q

How is arithmetic density calculated?

A

Dividing a region’s population by its total area

It shows the average density, not the distribution.

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12
Q

What does physiological density measure?

A

Population divided by arable land

It helps assess the strain on land available for farming.

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13
Q

What does agricultural density indicate?

A

Number of farmers divided by arable land

It shows agricultural efficiency in different countries.

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14
Q

How does population distribution affect political processes?

A

It influences government redistricting and service allocation

Urban areas have smaller districts while rural areas have larger ones.

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15
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The number of people a place can support without damaging the environment

Exceeding it leads to overpopulation.

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16
Q

What is demographic momentum?

A

The tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline

This is due to a younger age distribution.

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17
Q

What does the crude birth rate (CBR) measure?

A

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people

It helps understand population growth.

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18
Q

What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?

A

Average number of children born per woman during childbearing years (15-49)

The replacement rate is typically 2.1.

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19
Q

What does the crude death rate (CDR) indicate?

A

The number of deaths in a country per 1,000 people

It is used to assess population decline.

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20
Q

What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) measure?

A

The number of children who die before their first birthday per 1,000

It reflects healthcare quality and living conditions.

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21
Q

What is the rate of natural increase (NIR)?

A

Percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining without migration

Calculated as RNI = (CBR - CDR) / 10.

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22
Q

What does the demographic balancing equation represent?

A

Total population change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants

It accounts for all factors affecting population size.

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23
Q

What are the stages of the demographic transition model?

A

Stage 1: Low growth
Stage 2: High growth
Stage 3: Slowing growth
Stage 4: Low/no growth
Stage 5: Declining population

Each stage reflects changes in birth and death rates.

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24
Q

What characterizes Stage 1 of the demographic transition model?

A

Very high CBR and CDR, producing a flat NIR

No country is currently in Stage 1.

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25
What happens in Stage 2 of the demographic transition model?
High birth rates with rapidly falling death rates ## Footnote This leads to significant population growth.
26
What is characteristic of Stage 3 in the demographic transition model?
Rapidly declining CBR and continuing low CDR ## Footnote Population growth slows as birth rates drop.
27
What defines Stage 4 of the demographic transition model?
Low CBR and CDR, resulting in low or no NIR ## Footnote Population remains steady with fluctuations due to 'baby booms'.
28
What does Stage 5 of the demographic transition model indicate?
A declining population due to low birth rates overtaken by growing death rates ## Footnote This stage is not originally part of the model but is observed in some post-industrial countries.
29
What is the dependency ratio?
Value comparing non-working people dependent on working adults ## Footnote It indicates the financial burden on the productive population.
30
What is an expansive population pyramid?
A pyramid with a wide base indicating high birth rates and rapid population growth ## Footnote Often shaped like a Christmas tree.
31
What does a stationary population pyramid look like?
Resembles a column, indicating birth rates cancel out with death rates ## Footnote Population becomes stagnant.
32
What is a baby boom?
A rapid spike in birth rates, often after a war or during economic prosperity ## Footnote It is followed by a baby bust.
33
What is the rule of 70 used for?
To estimate the doubling time of a population ## Footnote Calculated as 70 divided by the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI).
34
What characterizes Stage 5 of population decline?
Very low CBR overtaken by a slightly growing CDR ## Footnote Older generations dying-off; few children born to replace them. Negative NIR.
35
What does a Stage 5 population pyramid look like?
'Reverse' pyramid - thinner at base (low CBR) ## Footnote Large older cohorts.
36
What is the Epidemiological Transition Model?
Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that correspond to DTM ## Footnote Add the Epidemiological Transition Model to the DTM Chart.
37
Fill in the blank: In Stage 5, the birth rate is so low it falls below the _______.
death rate.
38
Who proposed the Malthusian Theory?
Thomas Malthus ## Footnote Malthus (1766-1834) predicted that population would outpace food production.
39
What does the Malthusian Theory predict about population growth?
Population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically ## Footnote This creates a J-curve scenario.
40
What do Neo-Malthusians argue?
Global overpopulation is still a greater threat. ## Footnote Continued population growth will deplete non-renewable resources.
41
What are Anti-Natalist policies?
Laws or programs to decrease the number of births and TFR ## Footnote Examples include banning child marriages.
42
What was China's 'One Child Policy'?
Policy from 1979-2016 limiting families to one child ## Footnote Parents faced fines for having more than one child.
43
What are Pro-Natalist Policies?
Policies to increase fertility rates in declining populations ## Footnote Examples include paid time off for mothers.
44
How has access to education affected women's fertility rates?
Higher education leads to fewer children ## Footnote Education delays marriage and childbearing.
45
What is the impact of family planning on fertility rates?
Decreases fertility rates and unintended pregnancies ## Footnote Contraceptives play a key role.
46
What are some consequences of an aging population?
High elderly dependency ratios and strain on workforce ## Footnote Increased medical costs and voting patterns favoring elderly.
47
What are push factors in migration?
Forces causing people to move due to negative circumstances ## Footnote Examples include lack of jobs or discrimination.
48
What are pull factors in migration?
Forces that attract migrants to a certain destination ## Footnote Examples include job opportunities and safety.
49
Define forced migration.
Movement of people who do not choose to relocate ## Footnote Examples include slavery and refugees.
50
What is a refugee?
A migrant crossing an international border due to fear of harm ## Footnote They have permission to stay in the host country.
51
What is step migration?
Migrants reach their destination through a series of smaller moves ## Footnote Intervening opportunities can influence this process.
52
What is the Gravity Model in migration?
Larger cities create more gravitational pull due to economic opportunities ## Footnote This explains rural to urban migration trends.
53
What is brain drain?
Highly educated/skilled workers leaving their home countries for better opportunities ## Footnote It has negative effects on source countries.
54
What are remittances?
Transfers of money from foreign workers to individuals in their home country ## Footnote Often sent to family members.
55
What is xenophobia?
Fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners ## Footnote Can lead to cultural conflict.
56
How many waves of immigration has the U.S. experienced?
Four main waves ## Footnote Each wave has distinct characteristics and origins.
57
What characterized the first wave of U.S. immigration?
British and African slaves ## Footnote Took place from the 1600s to the early 1800s.
58
What characterized the second wave of U.S. immigration?
Northern and Western Europeans ## Footnote Occurred from 1808 to 1890.
59
What characterized the third wave of U.S. immigration?
Southern and Eastern Europeans ## Footnote Happened from 1890 to 1914.
60
What characterized the fourth wave of U.S. immigration?
Latin America and Asia ## Footnote Started from 1945 and continues to present.
61
What was the time period of the 1st wave of European migration to the US?
Late 17th/Early 18th centuries
62
Approximately how many Europeans migrated to the US during the 1st wave?
About 2 million
63
From which region did 90% of the 1st wave immigrants originate?
Great Britain
64
What were the original settlements in the US where the 1st wave landed?
Jamestown and Plymouth
65
What was the time frame for the 2nd and 3rd waves of European migration?
Late 18th/Early 19th centuries
66
How many people approximately emigrated to the US between 1820 and 1920?
Approximately 32 million
67
What percentage of the 2nd and 3rd wave immigrants were from Europe?
90%
68
What stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) were European countries in during the 2nd and 3rd waves?
Stage 2
69
What were some push factors for migration during the 2nd and 3rd waves?
* Overpopulation * Lack of jobs
70
What were some pull factors for migration to the U.S. during the 2nd and 3rd waves?
* Land for frontier expansion * Need for workers due to industrialization
71
Which groups primarily migrated during the 2nd wave in the 1840s-50s?
Irish and German
72
What significant event began in Ireland that influenced migration during the 2nd wave?
Potato Famine
73
Which region's immigrants were predominant during the 3rd wave (1905-14)?
Southern and Eastern Europe
74
What were some push factors for the 3rd wave immigrants?
* Natural disasters * Bad economy * Religious and ethnic persecution
75
What was the total number of German immigrants to the U.S. during the 2nd/3rd wave?
7.2 million
76
Fill in the blank: Immigration to the United States came to a sudden halt during ______.
WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII
77
What characterized the 4th wave of immigration?
Influx of Asian and Latin American immigrants
78
What economic opportunities attracted Chinese immigrants in the late 1800s?
Economic opportunities
79
Which group of immigrants came from Mexico during the 4th wave for economic reasons?
Mexicans
80
What was a significant shift in the U.S. economy that attracted immigrants during the 4th wave?
Shift from industry to services
81
Which Asian nations' immigrants came to the U.S. during the 4th wave to escape war and persecution?
* Vietnam * Korea * Philippines

AP human geography (3 decks)

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