AP HuG unit 5

Question 1

Mediterranean climate

Answer 1

Regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation

Question 2

Tropical climate

Answer 2

Regions of low latitudes with hot, humid climates and substantial rainfall

Question 3

Intensive agriculture

Answer 3

Agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

Question 4

Market gardening

Answer 4

When fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban marker and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants. It usually requires capital investment’s of greenhouses and fertilizers

Question 5

Plantation agriculture

Answer 5

A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

Question 6

Mixed crop/livestock system

Answer 6

Integrated system that is common in developed regions

Question 7

Extensive agriculture

Answer 7

Agriculture that used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

Question 8

Shifting cultivation

Answer 8

Farmers clear land for planning by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; sometimes called slash-and-burn agriculture

Question 9

Nomadic herding

Answer 9

People that depend primarily on animals rather than crops for survival

Question 10

Ranching

Answer 10

Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

Question 11

Rural settlement pattern

Answer 11

The distribution of settlement in agricultural areas with small or low population

Question 12

Clustered settlement pattern

Answer 12

Rural settlements with groups of homes located near each other in a village

Question 13

Dispersed settlement pattern

Answer 13

Patterns in which farmers live in homes spread throughout the countryside

Question 14

Linear settlement pattern

Answer 14

A pattern in which buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

Question 15

Rural survey method

Answer 15

A means of dividing rural land, typically involving measuring and recording the distance, elevation, and size of features on the earth’s surface

Question 16

Metes and bounds

Answer 16

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land

Question 17

Township and range

Answer 17

A survey method using rectangular plots of consistence size. Each square mile, or section, could be divided into smaller lots, such as half section or quarter sections

Question 18

Long lot

Answer 18

A survey method where plots of land were long, thing section that ran perpendicular to a river

Question 19

First Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Revolution

Answer 19

The origin of forming marked by the domestication of plants and animals

Question 20

Domestication

Answer 20

The process of taming an animal for animal use

Question 21

Transhumance

Answer 21

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area

Question 22

Columbian Exchange

Answer 22

Transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European Colonization and trade

Question 23

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 23

An increase in agricultural productivity through, improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in United Kingdom in the Seventeenth Century

Question 24

Green Revolution

Answer 24

The rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers

Question 25

High-yield seed

Answer 25

Seeds that have been genetically modified or gone through hybridization to produce desirable shapes and sizes for increased good production

Question 26

Mechanized farming

Answer 26

Shifting labor in agriculture from humans/animals to machines, significantly increasing the production of food per farmer

Question 27

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 27

To grow enough good or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family

Question 28

Commercial agriculture

Answer 28

To grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit

Question 29

Monocropping/monoculture

Answer 29

The practice of growing the same single crop year after year

Question 30

Intercropping/intertillage

Answer 30

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Question 31

Bid-rent theory

Answer 31

The changing value and demand for land as the distance from the marker increases. Land values are highest near the market

Question 32

Commodity chain

Answer 32

A process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

Question 33

Carrying capacity

Answer 33

The number of people able a region can support sustainability without environmental degradation

Question 34

Von Thunen model

Answer 34

An economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods

Question 35

Global supply chain

Answer 35

All the steps required to get a product or service to consumers, now covering thousands of miles for many goods and services

Question 36

Export commodity

Answer 36

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country

Question 37

Pollution

Answer 37

Contamination of the air, water, or land

Question 38

Land cover change

Answer 38

The study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use

Question 39

Desertification

Answer 39

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

Question 40

Soil salinization

Answer 40

When salts from water used by plants remain in the soil, decreasing a plants ability to uptake water and nutrients, which results in lower yields and may render soil useless

Question 41

Conservation

Answer 41

Protecting the environment through the responsible use of natural resources

Question 42

Slash and burn agriculture

Answer 42

When all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place. The ash provides nutrients to the soil and the land can be farmed for a few years before the soil becomes depleted

Question 43

Terrace farming

Answer 43

Farmers building a series of steps into the side of a hill, making land suitable for agriculture

Question 44

Irrigation

Answer 44

The process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other manufactured devices rather than relying on just rainfall

Question 45

Deforestation

Answer 45

The removal of large tracts of forest, usually to clear the land for additional farmland

Question 46

Pastoral nomadism

Answer 46

An extensive agriculture activity that involves groups of people moving often and raising animals as their main means of survival

Question 47

Biotechnology

Answer 47

A somewhat controversial innovation that is used to improve the quality and health of plants and animals

Question 48

Genetically modified organisms

Answer 48

Plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species

Question 49

Aquaculture

Answer 49

The practice of raising and harvesting dish and other forms of food that live in water

Question 50

Sustainability

Answer 50

The use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

Question 51

Biodiversity

Answer 51

The variety of organism's in a location

Question 52

Fertilizer

Answer 52

Any substance added to soil or water to increase its productivity

Question 53

Pesticide

Answer 53

Chemicals used to treat cops so as to kill any insects or animals that might try to damage the crop

Question 54

Urban farming

Answer 54

The production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food

Question 55

Community-supported agriculture

Answer 55

A local-food movement that brings producers and consumers into a type of partnership

Question 56

Value-added specialty crops

Answer 56

When farmers process their crops into new products to increase products, rather than selling it as it comes from the field

Question 57

Fair trade

Answer 57

A concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability, producers, farmers, and craftspeople are paid fair prices for their products, and workers get fair wages

Question 58

Local-food movement

Answer 58

Seeking out food produced nearby to support local farmers and reduce the use of fossil fuels

Question 59

Undernourishment

Answer 59

Dietary consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement to maintain a healthy life

Question 60

Food insecurity

Answer 60

When households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources

Question 61

Food desert

Answer 61

A neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food