AP Human Geography Midterm Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What are Political maps
A
Boundaries of countries, states, cities, etc.
2
Q
What is a Physical map
A
Mountains, natural features, rivers
3
Q
What is a Road map
A
Roads, landmarks made by man such as buildings
4
Q
What is a Thematic map
A
Maps that show data in different ways
5
Q
What is a Choropleth map
A
Shows different shades to show amount of data
6
Q
What is a Dot Distribution map
A
Shows clusters and density of data points
7
Q
What is a Graduated Symbol map
A
Size of symbols designates quantity of data
8
Q
What is a Cartogram map
A
Distorts geography to show different quantities of data
9
Q
What is a Isoline map
A
Using lines to show quantities of weather or elevation increases
10
Q
What is a Small-scale map
A
Shows a large amount of space with a small amount of detail
11
Q
What is a Large-scale map
A
Shows a small amount of space and great detail
12
Q
What is Latitude
A
East/West lines on a globe or map projection
13
Q
What is Longitude
A
North/South lines on a globe or map projection
14
Q
Equator
A
East/West line through center of globe or map projection
15
Q
Prime Meridian
A
North/South line through center of globe or map projection
16
Q
International Date Line
A
Line through the Pacific Ocean designating time zone beginning and end
17
Q
What is Absolute Location
A
Coordinates
18
Q
What is Relative Location
A
Where a place is located relative to others (“Point A is next to Point B”)
19
Q
What is Accessibility
A
How easy it is to get to a place via di erent transportation methods; limited due to physical geography, government policies, isolation, weather (potentially)
20
Q
What is Connectivity
A
How a place is connected to other places via physical geography or communication technology
21
Q
What is Direction
A
Cardinal directions
22
Q
How do relative distance and accessibility change over time?
A
Improved transportation cost/time e ciency such as planes or trains or automobiles
23
Q
What is Relative distance
A
Cost to get to another place or time it takes to get to another place
24
Q
What is Absolute distance
A
Exact measurement between two places; meters, miles, km, inches, feet
25
What is Elevation
How high a place is above sea level
26
What are some Points of high elevation
Mountains, Colorado, atop buildings, typically further inland
27
What are some Points of low elevation
Coastal/beach, Florida, savannah, marsh/swamp
28
What is Clustered distribution
High density, urban areas
29
What is Linear distribution
Density along a line, along a river, across the Silk Road/trade routes, along an interstate
30
What is dispersed distribution
Low density, rural countryside, mountainous regions
31
What are Map Projections
Di erent ways of showing a 3D globe on a 2D surface (They all have distortions!!)
32
Distortions
Shape
Area
Distance
Direction
33
What is Shape
How a country’s borders shown
34
What is Area
Land mass (Look at Greenland and Africa
35
What is Distance
How far away things are
36
What is Direction
Are north/south and east/west constant?
37
Why is the mercator map projection beneficial? What can it be used for?
Mercator map can be beneficial because the Mercator map maintains direction
It can be used for navigation!
38
What does Goode-Homolsine map distort
distorts distance and direction and shape distorted
39
What does the Dymaxion map distort
distorts direction, distance
40
What does the Gall-Peters map distort
Distorts shape and distance
41
What are examples of field observations? How can the spatial data collected from these observations be used by geographers?
Field Observations include surveys, photos, census, interviews.
Used by geographers to understand physical and cultural landscape.
42
How has remote sensing used to gather and analyze geospatial data.
monitoring changes through satellites and sensors
43
How has aerial photography been used to gather and analyze geospatial data.
Photos from planes and drones
44
How has GIS been used to gather and analyze geospatial data.
Layers of data collected for analysis
45
How has GPS been used to gather and analyze geospatial data.
Navigation and direction using satellites
46
How do each benefit the field of geography?
Geospatial technology can be used to address temperature changes, issues with tra c, deciding on where to build a new hospital, tracking wildfires, etc.
47
What is Quantitative data
Data using numbers/quantities
48
What is Qualitative data
Using words or images as data
49
How can census data be used at a local scale and a national scale to tell us about geospatial patterns?
Census data: Tells us demographic information, party a liation, how many people per household, number of children in a household
This can help us understand where we need to build a new school on a local scale.
This can help us understand where di erent concentrations of political views are located at a national scale.
50
How can satellite imagery be used at a local scale and a national scale to tell us about geospatial patterns?
Satellite imagery is used to track national weather events.
Satellite imagery is used to see wildfires or sinkholes or e ects from an earthquake on a local scale.
51
Describe how geovisualization through GPS and GIS are used by geographers and everyday people. How can it be used to solve real world problems?
Geovisualization through GPS and GIS is used by geographers to map and analyze spatial data like population distribution and land use every day people use it for navigation and finding nearby places it helps solve real world problems by assisting and disaster management urban planning, and environmental conservation
52
What is Location
Exact coordinates of where something is
53
What is Place
Natural and man-made features seen at a location
54
What’s the difference between site and situation in reference to Rome
Site: Characteristics at immediate location; Colosseum, di erent cathedrals, evidence of sequent occupancy
Situation: Location of a place relative to surroundings and connectivity to other places; In Italy, along Mediterranean Sea, connected to Vatican City, connected to much of the world as a center of Catholicism
55
What is Sense of Place
Uniqueness of a built environment or cultural landscape (Traditional cultures with traditional architecture); Paris, Rome, Venice, San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge, NYC landmarks
56
What is Placelessness
Everything about a place looks similar to places around the world; modern urban areas with postmodern architecture; American farms; o ce buildings; chain restaurants
57
What has resulted in the shrinking of relative distance, or time-space compression?
We see time-space compression due to increased connectivity as a result of globalization (internet, communication technologies, transportation technologies, trade)
58
Describe and provide examples of flows
Flows: Patterns and movement of ideas, people, products, and other phenomena
Examples: Chain migration, trade along Silk Roads or Columbian Exchange, flow of intellectual concepts, di usion of religion and language
59
Explain the concept of distance decay and how time-space compression impacts it.
Distance Decay: As you get further away from something you have less connectivity or less of a relationship to/understanding of it
Time-space compression minimizes the e ects of distance decay through transportation and communication technologies.
60
Describe the di erences between the theories of possibilism and determinism.
Determinism: The environment determines a society’s ability to succeed in a region and determines their culture
Possibilism: Environment may limit a society, but culture is independent of the environment and people can overcome environmental factors
Examples: Desalination plants in desert areas such as Saudi Arabia
61
Describe the differences between and provide examples of renewable natural resources and non-renewable natural resources.
Renewable: Resources that don’t run out; saltwater, wind, rain, hydropower, sunlight Non-renewable: Coal, fossil fuels, natural gas, trees, gold and other minerals
62
How does uneven access to resources impact politics and economic development around the world?
Stronger countries exploit weak/poor governments for their resources (imperialism) for the purpose of economic development. Countries without a lot of resources are less likely to develop. Lots of resources can also lead to a corrupt government trying to protect non-renewable resources.
63
Describe examples of the built environment and the cultural landscape.
Built Environment/Cultural Landscape: Man-made elements of the environment or a landscape
Examples: Architectural styles (religious), infrastructure, language on signage
64
What are examples of sustainability e orts made by humans?
Save the trees! Recycle! Reduce plastic! Protesting corporations with high carbon outputs!
65
Why is it helpful to look at information from different scales of analysis?
Different scales of analysis show di erent types of information at different levels of specificity.
66
Describe the area shown on a map with the following scales of analysis: Global, World Regional, National, Sub-National (or National Regional), Local.
Global: the entire planet earth (countries, continents, and oceans)
World regional: large regions like southeast Asia or the Middle East
National: individual countries such as the United States or China
Subnational: states, provinces, or regions within a country
Local: cities, towns, neighborhoods, and specific locations within a region or state
67
What are Functional regions
Regions organized around a focal point and defined by an activity; metro system, bus routes, school zones
68
What are Formal regions
Regions united by one or more traits; boundaries of a country or state, physical land mass such as mountain ranges; no question about borders
69
What are Perceptual regions
Boundaries are debatable and transitional (based on individual perception); The Deep South, cultural realm, Southeast Asia, Europe
70
Why are boundaries of regions often contested or overlapping? What are examples?
Historical conflict of formal boundaries, where a language is spoken can overlap such as the transitional area along Mexican/U.S. border
71
What physical factors influence the distribution of a population?
Climate and weather patterns
availability of water and fertile land
Topography and terrain (mountains valleys, and plains)
natural resources like minerals and forests
72
What human factors influence the distribution of a population?
Economic opportunities, and employment
Access to education and healthcare
Infrastructure, such as transportation and communication
Government policies and land use regulations
73
How does social stratification impact the distribution of a population?
It can impact population distribution by influencing where people choose to live based on socioeconomic status.
74
What are the three different distribution patterns?
Linear, Clustered, and Dispersed
75
How does scale of analysis impact patterns of distribution? For example, on a local scale, would someone want to live in an industrial region? What about on a global scale?
It impacts patterns of distribution by changing the perspective. On a local scale, someone may not want to live in an industrial region, due to pollution, and noise. However, on a global scale, industrial regions are essential for economic production and trade influencing, global patterns of distribution.
76
How does population density change with time?
Population density changes with time due to factors such as birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Overtime population density can increase due to high birth rates or immigration or decrease, due to low birth rates, high death rates, or emigration.
77
Explain the benefits of and be able to calculate arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural density
Each density measure helps assess different aspects of a population’s relationship with the land such as farming efficiency and population pressure on resources.
Arithmetic density is the total population divided by total land area, physiological density is the total population divided by arable land area, and agricultural density is the number of farmers per unit area of arable land.
78
How does population distribution a ect the economic choices of businesses and manufacturers?
Manufacturers by influencing, where they locate faculties,stores, and distribution centers. Businesses considered population density income levels and consumer preferences to determine the best locations for serving their target markets.
79
How does population distribution (rural = dispersed or urban = clustered) a ect the cost and quantity of social services?
Social services are more cost-e ective in high-density areas due to less infrastructure needed to connect to hospitals and schools thanks to a clustered population distribution pattern
80
How does population distribution a ffect political processes?
influence how many representatives an area gets to have in their government, giving them more influence over policy decisions.
81
How does population distribution a ffect the environment?
puts a strain on resources, leading to resource depletion in land use, water use, energy use, food demand and agricultural practices, and extraction of minerals and non-renewable resources.
82
What are the reasons there might be a large cohort of men in a given country? A given city?
In a country, a large cohort of men might exist due to gender imbalances caused by factors like war, migration patterns, or cultural preferences for male children. In a city, factors like the presence of industries with predominantly male workers or institutions like military bases can lead to a larger cohort of men.
83
What are the reasons there might be a large cohort of women in a given city?
In a city, a large cohort of women might exist due to factors like employment opportunities in industries that predominantly employ women, such as healthcare and education. Additionally, social and cultural factors that attract women to specific cities can also contribute to a larger female population.
84
What are the reasons there might be a large cohort of people aged 18-25?
A large cohort of people aged
18-25 might exist due to the demographic impact of the "baby boom" generation, increased college enrollment, or urban migration for job opportunities and independence. Additionally, social factors like trends in marriage and family planning can also contribute to this demographic trend.
85
What are the reasons there might be a large cohort of people aged 65+?
A large cohort of people aged 65+ might exist due to factors like increased life expectancy, the aging of the baby boomer generation, and improved healthcare leading to longer lifespans. Additionally, migration of retirees to specific areas with favorable climates and amenities can also contribute to this demographic trend.
86
What is a dependency ratio? What are the ages of the potential workforce? Dependent population?
The dependency ratio is the ratio of the dependent population (ages
0-14 and 65+) to the potential workforce (ages 15-64). The potential workforce includes individuals of working age (15-64), while the dependent population includes those who are too young or too old to work (0-14 and 65+).
87
Describe the di erent shapes of population pyramids and what they mean in relation to the demographic transition model and in terms of population growth and life expectancy.
Population pyramids can have different shapes, like expansive, stationary, and constrictive. In terms of the demographic transition model, an expansive pyramid indicates high birth rates and decreasing death rates, while a stationary pyramid reflects low birth and death rates. A
constrictive pyramid suggests a declining population due to low birth rates and longer life expectancy.
88
Define and identify on a population pyramid a baby boom, bust, and echo. Why do these occur in
China? Why do these occur in countries that were involved in World War II?
A baby boom is depicted by a bulge in the population pyramid for a certain age group. A bust, or baby bust, is a noticeable dip in the pyramid, and an echo shows another bulge following the original baby boom. In China, the one-child policy led to a baby bust, while in countries involved in World War II, the baby boom was due to soldiers returning home and starting families after the war.
89
Define CBR, CDR, and TFR. How do these factors determine a population’s growth or decline?
CBR, or Crude Birth Rate, measures the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population. CDR, or Crude Death Rate, measures the number of deaths per 1,000 people.
TFR, or Total Fertility Rate, indicates the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime. Together, these factors determine a population's growth or decline by influencing the rate of natural increase, which is calculated by subtracting the CDR from the CBR. If the CBR is higher than the CDR, the population will grow, and vice versa. Factors influencing TFR, such as education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, can impact a population's growth or decline.
90
How do emigrants and immigrants impact a population’s growth or decline?
Emigrants leaving a country can lead to population decline, while immigrants coming into a country can contribute to population growth. In both cases, the overall population size is affected by the movement of people across borders. The impact of emigration and immigration can influence factors like labor force, cultural diversity, and aging populations in different countries. The patterns of emigration and immigration can also be influenced by economic opportunities, political stability, and social factors.
91
How do the RNI and population-doubling time equations explain population growth and decline?
The Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) measures the annual growth rate by subtracting the CDR from the
CBR. The population-doubling time equation estimates how long it takes for a population to double in size, using the rule of 70. Both equations explain population growth or decline by providing insights into the pace of population change and the impact of birth and death rates on overall population size over time.
92
What is the demographic balancing equation?
The demographic balancing equation is a formula used to calculate population change within a given period. It states that the initial population plus births minus deaths plus immigrants minus emigrants equals the population at the end of the period. This equation helps demographers understand and predict population growth or decline in a specific area.
93
What factors have led to longer life expectancy?
There are several factors contributing to longer life expectancy, such as advancements in medical treatments, improved sanitation, access to clean water, and better nutrition. People are also generally more aware of the importance of regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle.
94
How do different cultures/governments impact birth rates and immigration?
Different cultures and governments can influence birth rates and immigration in various ways. For example, a cultural emphasis on large families can lead to higher birth rates, while government policies like pro-natalist initiatives can also encourage population growth. Similarly, immigration policies and economic
opportunities in a country can affect immigration rates.
95
What is the purpose of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
The Demographic Transition Model
(DTM) is used to study and predict population changes over time. It helps to understand how birth rates, death rates, and population growth have changed historically and how they are likely to change in the future. This model is important for studying the social and economic development of different countries.
96
How AND why do death rates and birth rates change at each stage of the DTM?
In Stage 1 of the DTM, both death rates and birth rates are high due to limited medical knowledge and high infant mortality. In Stage 2, death rates decrease due to improved healthcare, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. In Stage 3, birth rates start to decline due to social and economic changes, while death rates continue to fall.
Eventually, in Stage 4, both death rates and birth rates stabilize at lower levels, resulting in a balanced population growth.
97
Where do we see demographic momentum? What is this caused by?
Rate of Natural Increase is high as death rates fall quicker than birth rates
98
What do the population pyramids look like at different stages of the DTM?
In Stage 1, the population pyramid is wide at the base and narrow at the top, indicating high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in a pyramid shape. In Stage 4, the pyramid becomes more columnar, indicating lower birth and death rates, with a more balanced age distribution.
99
What stages do we have a high youth dependency? What resources are stretched as a result?
Education and resources for young cohorts
100
What stage(s) do we have a high elderly dependency? What resources are stretched as a result?
Eldercare resources such as nursing homes and healthcare
101
How does a higher elderly population a ffect the politics of a country?
A higher elderly population can impact politics by leading to policy discussions on issues like healthcare, pension plans, and social services for seniors. It can also influence electoral priorities and government spending on programs that cater to the needs of older citizens.
102
Why might di erent regions of a given country be in different stages of the DTM?
Industrialism in urban blocks and less-developed rural farming regions
103
What are criticisms of the DTM?
One criticism of the DTM is that it is based on historical data and may not accurately predict future population trends. Additionally, it does not account for variations between countries and assumes a linear progression of demographic change.
104
What is the purpose of the Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)?
Explains the causes of changing death rates
105
How does each stage of the ETM correlate with the DTM? What are the likely causes of death at each stage? What are the death rates at each stage?
The Epidemiological Transition
Model (ETM) aligns with the stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). In Stage 1 of the ETM, infectious diseases and epidemics are prevalent, coinciding with the high death rates in Stage 1 of the DTM. In Stage 2, better sanitation and healthcare reduce infectious diseases, also lowering death rates. In Stage 3, chronic diseases become more common, and in Stage 4, degenerative diseases and age-related illnesses increase. The death rates decrease as medical advancements and healthcare improve.
106
Explain Thomas Malthus’ theory. Why was he concerned about overpopulation?
Thomas Malthus was an economist who proposed the theory that population grows faster than food and resources. He was concerned about overpopulation because he believed it would lead to food scarcity, poverty, and societal problems.
107
Explain the criticisms of Malthus’ theory and why his theory did not come true.
Criticisms of Malthus' theory include the failure to account for technological advancements in food production, which have increased resource availability.
Additionally, Malthus did not anticipate improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and living standards, which have reduced mortality rates and supported population growth.
108
Explain Boserup’s Theory.
Boserup's Theory contradicts
Malthus' theory and suggests that as the population grows, the need for more food stimulates
technological advancements and innovation in agriculture. According to Boserup, increased population leads to greater labor force and inventive farming methods, rather than causing scarcity and calamity.
109
What do Neo-Malthusians believe in regards to overpopulation?
Neo-Malthusians share Malthus' concerns about overpopulation and its impact on resources, but they also emphasize environmental degradation and the strain on global ecosystems caused by population growth. They believe that overpopulation could lead to environmental, social, and economic challenges.
110
What are examples of pronatalist policies? What countries (in regards to the DTM) would implement pronatalist policies? Why?
Pronatalist policies are designed to encourage higher birth rates.
Examples include financial incentives for having children, parental leave, and childcare support. Countries in Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), like Japan and some European nations, may implement pronatalist policies to offset declining birth rates and an aging population.
111
What are examples of antinatalist policies? What countries (in regards to the DTM) would implement antinatalist policies? Why?
Antinatalist policies aim to reduce birth rates and may include measures like family planning services, contraception access, and incentives for smaller families.
Countries in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model
(DTM), like India and some African nations, may implement antinatalist policies to address rapid population growth and strain on resources.
112
What examples of countries are there that have implemented pronatalist or antinatalist policies?
Some countries with pronatalist policies include France, Singapore, and Hungary, which offer incentives for childbirth, parental leave, and childcare support. On the other hand, China and India have implemented antinatalist policies, such as the One-Child Policy in China and sterilization programs in India, to address overpopulation challenges.
113
What are examples of anti- or pro- immigration policies?
Anti-immigration policies include laws that restrict or reduce the number of immigrants, favoring the interests of citizens over newcomers. For example, the Immigration Act of 1924 established quotas to limit certain immigrant groups. On the other hand, pro-immigration policies aim to welcome and support immigrants coming to a country, often promoting diversity and inclusivity.
114
How have changing social values and roles of women influenced fertility rates in parts of the world?
The changing social values and roles of women play a big role in influencing fertility rates. When women have more opportunities for education and careers, they may choose to have fewer children.
Also, access to birth control and family planning can impact fertility rates.
115
How has education, employment, contraceptives, and health care impacted women and total fertility rates?
Education, employment, contraceptives, and health care have influenced women's choices regarding family size. When women have access to education and employment, they often delay marriage and childbirth. Access to contraceptives and health care gives women more control over their fertility, leading to lower total fertility rates in many parts of the world.
116
How do birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy influence population aging?
Birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy all affect population aging. When birth rates are low and death rates are high, the population ages because there are fewer young people and more elderly.
Higher life expectancy means people are living longer, contributing to an older population.
117
What causes people to live longer?
People live longer due to
improvements in healthcare, better nutrition, cleaner living conditions, and access to medical treatments.
Advances in technology and medicine also play a key role in increasing life expectancy.
118
What causes people to have fewer babies?
Several factors can lead to lower birth rates, such as increased access to education and employment for women, greater availability of contraceptives, and societal changes that emphasize smaller family sizes. Economic factors, such as the cost of raising children, can also influence family planning decisions.
119
What does an aging population look like on a population pyramid? What stage(s) of the DTM are more likely to have an aging population?
An aging population on a population pyramid looks like a narrower base, indicating fewer young people, and a wider top, showing more elderly people. Stage 4 and Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) are more likely to have an aging population due to low birth rates and longer life expectancy.
120
What are the political consequences of an aging population?
The political consequences of an aging population include the need to reform social security and healthcare systems, as well as addressing issues related to workforce shortages and increased healthcare spending. Policymakers also need to adapt to the changing needs of the elderly population.
121
What are the social consequences of an aging population?
The social consequences of an aging population include a greater demand for elderly care and support services, changes in family structures due to more elderly members, and the need for age-friendly infrastructure and policies.
Additionally, there may be shifts in societal attitudes towards aging and retirement.
122
What are the economic consequences of an aging population?
The economic consequences of an aging population include a potential decrease in the labor force, increased healthcare and pension costs, changes in consumer demand, and the need for innovative economic policies to support the elderly population.
Additionally, there may be implications for social security and retirement funding.
123
Define and provide examples of economic, social, political, and environmental push and pull factors of migration.
Push factors are reasons people leave a place, like economic hardship, political instability, or environmental disasters. Pull factors are reasons people move to a place, such as better job
opportunities, political freedom, or a healthier environment. Examples include economic push factors like poverty and unemployment, or political pull factors like democracy and freedom.
124
Describe, according to the migration transition model, why countries at particular stages of the DTM witness people migrating out of the country (push factor).
In the migration transition model, countries in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) experience people migrating out due to push factors like high population growth, limited job opportunities, and poor living conditions. These conditions can lead individuals to seek better opportunities and living standards in other countries.
125
Define intervening obstacles and opportunities. What are examples of economic, social, political, and environmental intervening obstacles?
Intervening obstacles are factors that hinder or obstruct migration from one place to another, such as geographical barriers or immigration policies. Intervening opportunities are unforeseen positive factors that affect the migrant's journey, like finding a job or a better living situation.
Examples include economic obstacles like financial barriers, social obstacles like language barriers, political obstacles like visa restrictions, and environmental obstacles like hazardous terrain or climate-related risks.
126
Describe the various parts of Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration using relevant vocabulary terms.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration include distance, direction, and reasons for migration. "Distance decay" refers to the idea that people tend to migrate shorter distances. "Step migration" describes the process where migrants move in a series of steps. "Push and pull factors" are the reasons that attract or force people to migrate.
127
Provide specific and relevant examples of forced migration that relate to slavery, IDPs, refugees, and asylum speakers. Where do we see these people around the world? Why?
Forced migration examples include slavery in history, with Africans forcibly brought to the Americas, and the slave trade creating forced migration. Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs) are found in Syria due to conflict, and refugees and asylum seekers can be seen in Europe escaping war and persecution, like in the Syrian and Afghan refugee crises.
128
Define transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban as examples of voluntary migration. Provide a specific example of each.
means moving from one country to another. transnational Like someone moving to the US from Mexico to find work?
Now, transhumance means moving with animals to find pasture. Can you give me an example of transhumance migration? Maybe think about nomadic herders moving with their livestock to find better grazing land.
Internal migration: moving within a country (e.g., from a rural area to a city in the US).
• Chain migration: following others from your hometown to a particular place (e.g., a family member joining an earlier migrant in the US).
• Step migration: moving to a new location in stages (e.g., from a small town to a larger city and then to an even larger city).
• Guest worker migration:
temporarily moving to work in another country (e.g., someone from Mexico working seasonally in the US). Rural-to-urban migration:
moving from the countryside to cities in search of job opportunities and a better life (e.g., farmers moving to a city for employment and better living conditions).
129
Describe migration trends around the world over time. When and why do we see migration historically and contemporarily?
Throughout history, migration has been driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, escape from conflict, and environmental changes. For example, during the Industrial Revolution, people moved from rural areas to cities for job opportunities. In modern times, population growth, aging populations, and changes in technology and medicine also influence migration patterns.
130
What policies historically and contemporarily promote immigration? Use vocabulary terms.
Historically, policies like the Homestead Act and the Immigration and Nationality Act encouraged immigration to the United States. Nowadays, policies such as the Diversity Visa Lottery and family reunification provisions promote immigration. These policies aim to attract skilled workers and reunite families, shaping the demographic landscape.
131
Why do countries restrict immigration?
Countries restrict immigration for reasons like protecting domestic job markets, ensuring national security, managing population growth, and preserving cultural identity. Immigration restrictions also aim to balance the inflow of foreign workers with the needs of the existing population.
132
What are the economic benefits and costs of migration to the countries migrants are leaving? (Remittances and Brain Drain)
When migrants leave their home countries, they often send remittances, which are funds sent back to their families. This can benefit the home country's economy by boosting household income and supporting local businesses. However, migration may also lead to "brain drain," where skilled workers leave, causing a loss of talent and expertise. This can have negative effects on the country's development and economy.
133
What are the cultural e ffects of migration on the receiving countries?
Migration can enrich the cultural tapestry of receiving countries by introducing new traditions, cuisines, and perspectives. This diversity can lead to a vibrant blend of customs, languages, and art.
However, it can also create social and integration challenges as communities adjust to the influx of newcomers.
134
What are examples of cultural traits?
Cultural traits can include language, art, music, cuisine, social customs, rituals, and traditions. For example, the celebration of Lunar New Year in East Asian cultures, the use of sari in South Asian traditions, and the practice of Thanksgiving in the United States are all cultural traits.
135
What is an example of a cultural complex?
A cultural complex is a set of interrelated cultural traits. For example, in Japan, the cultural complex of tea ceremonies includes various traits such as the preparation of matcha, the use of specific utensils, and the etiquette of serving and consuming tea.
136
Describe the difference between traditional/indigenous cultures and popular globalized culture. Provide examples of cultures and the differences between their social structure, architecture, food, and any other relevant cultural traits.
Traditional or indigenous cultures often have close-knit social structures with strong community ties, while popular globalized culture focuses more on individualism and personal expression. In terms of
architecture, traditional cultures may have dwellings made from natural materials, while globalized culture often employs modern, standardized building designs.
Food in traditional cultures is often local and seasonal, while in globalized culture, fast food and international cuisine are prevalent.
137
What are cultural taboos? Come up with specific examples.
Cultural taboos are behaviors, objects, or discussions that are forbidden or restricted within a particular culture. For example, in some cultures, it is taboo to point your feet at someone, while in other cultures, eating certain types of meat may be considered taboo.
These taboos are often deeply rooted in religious or social customs and are important to respect when interacting with people from different cultures.
138
Describe the differences between and provide examples of artifacts, mentifacts, and sociofacts.
Artifacts are physical objects created by a culture, like tools or clothing. Mentifacts are the intangible aspects of culture, such as beliefs, values, and knowledge.
Sociofacts are the social behaviors and customs that define a culture, like rituals, family structures, and language.
139
Define cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. What cultures experience the results of ethnocentrism?
Cultural relativism is the perspective that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than being judged against the criteria of another culture. Ethnocentrism, on the other hand, is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others. This can lead to bias and discrimination against other cultures. Ethnocentrism has affected many cultures throughout history, often resulting in discrimination, prejudice, and negative stereotypes. For example, Native American and Indigenous cultures have experienced the impacts of ethnocentrism through historical policies, such as forced assimilation and cultural suppression.
140
What physical features might we see as part of a cultural landscape?
Physical features in a cultural landscape can include architecture, monuments, religious structures, and agricultural patterns. For example, the Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal in India, and rice terraces in Southeast Asia are all physical features of cultural landscapes.
141
How do agricultural and industrial practices vary by culture? Provide examples.
Agricultural practices can vary by culture based on climate, geography, and traditions. For example, in Japan, terraced rice fields are a traditional agricultural practice, while in the United States, large-scale mechanized farming is common. Industrial practices also vary, with some cultures focusing on traditional craftsmanship, while others embrace mass production and technological innovation.
142
How are religion and language reflected in a cultural landscape? Provide examples for each of the six religions discussed in class: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism.
Religion and language are reflected in cultural landscapes through the construction of religious buildings, linguistic signage, and art forms.
Examples include Christian cathedrals and churches, Islamic mosques, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist temples, Sikh gurdwaras, and Hindu temples. Additionally, language is represented in cultural landscapes through signage, inscriptions, and script on public and private structures.
143
What is sequent occupancy? Where in the world do we see examples of sequent occupancy?
Sequent occupancy is the concept that different societies or cultural groups leave imprints on a place when they live there, contributing to the overall cultural landscape.
We can see examples of sequent occupancy in cities with layers of historical architectures and traditions, such as Rome, Italy, and Istanbul, Turkey!
144
Describe the difference between traditional and postmodern architecture. Where do we find examples of each?
Traditional architecture usually includes designs that are more simple, classic, and symmetrical, often using natural materials like wood and stone. Postmodern architecture, on the other hand, mixes styles, uses bold colors, and includes non-traditional materials.
You can find traditional architecture in historic neighborhoods, and postmodern architecture in modern buildings like the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.
145
How are different cultures’ perspectives on gender reflected in the cultural landscape? Consider gendered spaces!
Different cultures' perspectives on gender can be seen in the way they design and use gendered spaces.
For example, some cultures may have separate spaces for men and women in public places like religious sites or social gatherings.
In some cultures, the architecture itself may reflect gender roles, with certain spaces being designated for specific genders.
146
How do ethnic enclaves or ethnic islands shape a cultural landscape outside of the culture’s hearth? Provide examples.
Ethnic enclaves or islands shape the cultural landscape outside their original culture's hearth by creating areas where the culture's traditions, language, and customs are preserved. For example, Chinatowns in the U.S. maintain Chinese cultural elements, such as architectural styles, businesses, and celebrations, outside of China's hearth culture.
147
Provide examples of cultural regions. Are these formal, perceptual, or functional regions?
Cultural regions include the Sun Belt in the southern U.S., the Rust Belt in the Midwest, and the Corn Belt in the Great Plains. These are perceptual regions, meaning people perceive them based on shared cultural characteristics and identity.
148
What is an example of a cultural realm?
An example of a cultural realm is the Western culture, which encompasses many countries with shared values, languages, and traditions, like the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. It's a broad area with common cultural attributes.
149
What regional patterns of religion can we identify on a national scale and on a global scale?
On a national scale in the U.S., we can see regional patterns such as the Bible Belt in the South and the Mormon Corridor in the western
U.S. On a global scale, we see patterns like Islam in the Middle East and Christianity in many parts of the world.
150
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?
Ethnicity refers to shared cultural traits, such as language, ancestry, and customs, while nationality refers to the country of citizenship or allegiance. For example,
someone can be of Italian ethnicity but have U.S. nationality.
151
How can religion impact laws and customs within a cultural landscape? (Think blue laws, Sharia, fundamentalism, and theocracies)
Religion can impact laws and customs in many ways. For example, blue laws in the U.S. restrict activities on Sundays based on religious tradition, while Sharia influences legal systems and societal norms in some Muslim-majority countries. Fundamentalism can lead to strict adherence to religious principles, and theocracies are governed by religious leaders, shaping laws and customs.
152
How do religion and language contribute to a sense of place within a cultural region?
Religion and language can contribute to a sense of place within a cultural region by shaping traditions, festivals, and the names of landmarks. For example, religious buildings and the use of a specific language in daily life create a unique atmosphere and identity within a cultural region.
153
What are centripetal forces? Provide examples.
Centripetal forces are factors that unify and bring people together within a country or region.
Examples include a common language, a shared national identity, patriotic symbols like flags, and inclusive national policies that promote unity and cooperation among diverse groups.
154
What are centrifugal forces? Provide examples.
Centrifugal forces are factors that divide and create disunity within a country or region. Examples include regional conflicts, language barriers that create division, ethnic or religious tensions, and economic disparities that lead to inequality and resentment.
155
Define the following terms related to di usion: relocation diffusion, expansion di fusion, contagious di ffusion, hierarchical di ffusion, reverse hierarchical di ffusion, and stimulus di ffusion.
Relocation diffusion occurs when people move and bring their ideas or customs to new areas.
Expansion diffusion spreads ideas outward from the hearth, like the spread of a language. Contagious diffusion occurs rapidly and uniformly, like the spread of a viral video on social media. Hierarchical diffusion spreads from larger to smaller places, while reverse hierarchical diffusion moves from smaller to larger places. Stimulus diffusion happens when an idea is adopted and altered by a receiving culture, like the adoption of new food recipes.
156
Define colonialism, imperialism, and trade. How did these three actions di use culture? Provide specific examples in detail.
Colonialism is when one country controls another for political and economic gain. Imperialism is the practice of extending power and influence through colonization, military force, or diplomacy. Trade involves the buying and selling of goods and services between different regions or countries.
These actions diffused culture through the exchange of languages, food, and traditions as well as the spread of religious beliefs and technologies. For example, during the Age of Exploration, European colonial powers established colonies in the Americas, leading to the diffusion of European languages, Christianity, and agricultural practices. Additionally, the Silk Road facilitated trade between Europe and Asia, leading to the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies, such as papermaking and gunpowder. These interactions resulted in the diffusion of culture
as people learned from and adapted to new customs and practices.
157
Why did some languages di ffuse more than others?
Some languages diffuse more than others because of factors like political power, economic influence, and cultural exchange. For example, languages of powerful empires or influential trading partners tend to spread more widely. Additionally, advancements in technology and communication can also contribute to the diffusion of some languages over others.
158
What causes the use of lingua franca? What are lingua franca used for? What are examples of lingua franca?
The use of lingua franca is often caused by trade, travel, and cultural exchange, where people from different language backgrounds need a common language to communicate. Lingua franca are used for trade, diplomacy, and international relations. Examples of lingua franca include English, French, and Swahili, which are spoken in multilingual regions to facilitate communication.
159
Explain what linguistic creations resulted with increased cultural interactions. (Think pidgin, slang, and creolization!)
Increased cultural interactions led to the development of linguistic creations like pidgin, which is a simplified language used for communication between speakers of different languages. Slang is informal language used within a specific group, and creolization happens when multiple languages blend to create a new, distinct language.
160
What are the pros and cons of an o cial language nationally or globally?
Having an official language can promote unity, efficient communication, and cultural preservation. However, it may also lead to language discrimination, exclusion of minority languages, and barriers for non-native speakers. Globally, an official language can facilitate international relations, but it may also
marginalize other languages.
161
Explain how communication technologies have led to an increase in cultural diffusion. Provide examples.
Communication technologies, such as the internet and social media, have increased cultural diffusion by allowing people to easily share ideas, music, and art across borders. For example, viral videos, memes, and online gaming have spread to various cultures, contributing to a global exchange of ideas and entertainment.
Additionally, streaming services and digital platforms have made it easier for people to access and appreciate music, movies, and TV shows from different cultures.
162
What is time-space convergence? How is it related to increased rates of cultural di usion?
Time-space convergence refers to the shrinking of both time and physical distance between places due to advancements in
transportation and communication.
This phenomenon is related to increased rates of cultural diffusion
because it enables faster and more frequent interactions between different cultures. As a result, ideas, products, and cultural practices spread more rapidly across the globe.
163
How have urbanization and globalization contributed to cultural di usion in the modern era?
Urbanization and globalization have contributed to cultural diffusion by bringing people from different cultural backgrounds into close proximity in cities. This leads to the exchange of ideas, traditions, and lifestyles, which then spread to other regions through global connections. As a result, urban areas become hubs for cultural interaction and diffusion.
164
How have languages and indigenous cultures suffered in the face of globalization?
Languages and indigenous cultures have suffered in the face of globalization due to factors like language shift, cultural assimilation, and the decline of traditional practices. Globalization often promotes dominant languages and cultures, leading to the marginalization and loss of less widely spoken languages and indigenous traditions.
165
How has globalization led to cultural convergence?
Globalization has led to cultural convergence by encouraging the sharing and blending of cultural elements from different parts of the world. This can be seen in the adoption of global foods, fashion, music, and entertainment, as well as the spread of common values and ideas across diverse cultures.
166
How does cultural divergence occur? Provide an example.
Cultural divergence occurs when different groups or societies develop unique customs, traditions, or languages as a result of isolation, geographic barriers, or historical factors. An example of cultural divergence is the development of distinct indigenous languages and traditions in isolated tribes or communities over time.
167
What are examples of language families other than Indo-European? What languages are a part of each family?
Aside from the Indo-European language family, other language families include:
1. Sino-Tibetan: Example languages include Mandarin, Tibetan, and Cantonese.
2. Afro-Asiatic: Example languages include Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic.
3. Niger-Congo: Example languages include Swahili, Yoruba, and Zulu.
168
What are examples of language branches and languages within the Indo-European family?
Some branches of the Indo-European language family are
Germanic (including English and German), Romance (like Spanish and French), Slavic (such as Russian and Polish), and Indo-Iranian (like Hindi and Persian).
169
What are dialects and accents? Why do they form?
Dialects are versions of a language spoken in a particular area by a group of people. Accents are the way words sound when spoken by people from different regions or countries. They form because of geography, history, and culture.
170
How and why do languages di use from the cultural hearth? Consider English and Spanish.
Languages diffuse from their cultural hearths through migration, trade, and conquest. English and Spanish spread because of colonization, trade, and global travel. Over time, people in different regions adopted and adapted these languages, leading to new dialects and accents.
171
How and why do religions di use from the cultural hearth? How do universalizing and ethnic religions di er in how they di use? Consider Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
Religions diffuse through missionary work, conquest, trade, and migration. Universalizing religions like Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism actively seek new followers through missionary work.
Ethnic religions such as Judaism and Hinduism are often tied to a specific culture and don't actively seek new followers.
172
How do toponyms reflect the culture that inhabits the place? Provide an example.
Toponyms, or place names, reflect the culture that inhabits the place by preserving heritage, language, or historical events. For example,
"New York" reflects the English heritage and history of colonization in the area.
173
How do gender roles di use?
Gender roles diffuse through cultural exchange, media, and migration. For example, as people from different cultures interact, they may adopt and adapt aspects of each other's gender roles and traditions.
174
How do ethnic cultures di ffuse?
Ethnic cultures diffuse through migration, trade, and cultural exchange. As people move and interact, they bring their traditions, languages, and customs to new places, influencing and being influenced by the local culture.
175
Define acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, multiculturalism, and nativism as e ects of di usion. Provide an example of each.
when cultures mix, they can adopt each other's traditions (acculturation), integrate into a new culture (assimilation), blend traditions to create something new (syncretism), coexist while maintaining
distinctiveness (multiculturalism), or prioritize native culture over immigrant culture (nativism). Each one can be seen in different examples like food, language, art, and values.
