Unit 4 Test

Question 1

Identify the criteria required to be considered a state.

Answer 1

To be considered a state, a territory needs to have defined borders, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Question 2

Identify four centripetal forces that unite people and two centrifugal forces that divide people.

Answer 2

Centripetal forces that unite people can include common goals, shared values, a sense of community, and mutual understanding. Centrifugal forces that divide people may consist of differencing opinions, cultural differences, and conflicting interests.

Question 3

Compare the period of early colonialism and later colonialism.

Answer 3

The early colonial period was marked by the establishment and growth of the 13 original colonies in North America, along with the development of the democratic ideals, alongside with did the development of democratic ideals along undemocratic practices like slavery. The later colonial period was characterized by increased competition among European powers for colonial territories and resources, often leading to conflicts and wars.

Question 4

Describe how modern colonies achieved independence but also maintained economic dependence with their former colonizers.

Answer 4

Modern colonies achieved independence through revolutions, negotiations, or peaceful transitions, gaining sovereignty and self-governance. However, they often maintained economic dependence on their former colonizers through trade agreements, economic partnerships debt, and resource extraction.

Question 5

Explain why civil wars occurred in the developing world after gaining independence.

Answer 5

Civil wars often occurred in the developing world after gaining independence because different groups within the country wanted power and control. They often disagreed on how the country should be run, leading to conflict.

Question 6

Describe the Cold War and the formation of satellite states in Europe and West-Central Asia.

Answer 6

The Cold War was a period of tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Satellite states were countries in Europe and West-Central Asia that were controlled by the Soviet Union. They formed a buffer zone between the USSR and Western Europe.

Question 7

Describe the process of the collapse of communism and the resulting independent states that formed from former satellite states.

Answer 7

When communism collapsed, 15 new independent states formed from the former Soviet Republics.
This resulted in the emergence of countries like Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to significant changes in the political boundaries of the region.

Question 8

Identify what states or regions of the world became the world power(s) after the collapse of communism.

Answer 8

After the collapse of communism, the United States became the sole
world superpower. The European Union also gained significant influence as an economic and political entity.

Question 9

Describe how the religious conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslims is an example of territoriality.

Answer 9

The religious conflict between
Sunni and Shia Muslims is an example of territoriality because it involves the control and ownership of specific territories, such as areas of worship, historical sites, and power structures within certain regions.

Question 10

Describe how the economic conflict in the South China Sea is an example of territoriality.

Answer 10

The economic conflict in the South
China Sea is an example of territoriality because different countries are fighting over control of the sea and its resources, like fish and oil. This shows how territorial disputes can lead to conflicts between countries.

Question 11

Describe why decolonization and self-determination occurred after World War I and World War II.

Answer 11

Decolonization and self-determination happened after World War I and World War II
because many countries wanted to become independent and govern themselves. They fought for freedom and the right to make their own decisions.

Question 12

Describe modern globalization.

Answer 12

Modern globalization refers to the interconnectedness of countries and people around the world. It involves trade, communication, and the exchange of ideas and culture on a global scale.

Question 13

Describe how language changed as boundaries changed in the Italian peninsula.

Answer 13

As boundaries changed in the Italian peninsula, different regions developed their own dialects and languages. These changes led to the development of Italian as a unified language.

Question 14

Describe an effect of boundaries on Muslims and Hindus in India, and Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland.

Answer 14

The boundaries between Muslims and Hindus in India have caused conflicts and violence at times due to religious differences. In Northern Ireland, boundaries between
Catholics and Protestants have also led to historical tensions and conflicts between the two communities. Both cases show how boundaries can impact religious groups and lead to social and political issues.

Question 15

Describe the impact of multiple nations in the boundaries of Sri Lanka.

Answer 15

The impact of multiple nations in the boundaries of Sri Lanka has influenced its culture, language, and religion. The country has a diverse population with influences from India, Portugal, the Netherlands, and Britain. This has shaped Sri Lanka’s identity and society in various ways.

Question 16

Identify the four zones described in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Answer 16

The four zones described in the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea are the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and the continental shelf.
Each zone has specific rights and jurisdiction related to marine resources and navigation.

Question 17

Explain why islands, the Arctic Ocean, and the South China Sea are important to states economically.

Answer 17

Islands, like Hawaii and the Philippines, provide resources like fish, timber, and tourism, helping their economies. The Arctic Ocean has oil, natural gas, and mineral resources that are important for energy and manufacturing. The South China Sea is a busy trade route and has fishing and oil resources, aiding the economies of the surrounding countries.

Question 18

Describe how the makeup of a voting district affects election results.

Answer 18

The makeup of a voting district, like how many people live there and who they are, can affect election results. If a district has more people from one political party, it’s more likely they’ll win.

Question 19

Describe the effects of gerrymandering, including discrimination.

Answer 19

Gerrymandering can lead to unfair voting outcomes and can show bias against certain groups. It can make some people’s votes less influential and can favor one political party over another. It’s a way to draw voting district lines to give an advantage to one group.

Question 20

Describe how gerrymandering can be prevented.

Answer 20

Gerrymandering can be prevented by creating independent committees to redraw voting district lines instead of letting politicians do it themselves. This helps make the process fairer and makes sure that the districts represent the actual population.

Question 21

Compare unitary states with federal states.

Answer 21

Unitary states have a strong central government that makes most decisions for the entire country, while federal states have power divided between the central government and smaller regional governments.

Question 22

Identify using a graphic the levels of government in the United States.

Answer 22

There are 3 main levels of government: the federal government, state governments, and local governments.

Question 23

Describe how physical geography can lead to devolution.

Answer 23

Physical geography can lead to devolution by creating barriers between different regions, like mountains or rivers, which can make it harder for them to work
together or stay united.

Question 24

Describe how ethnic separatism can lead to devolution.

Answer 24

When different ethnic groups want to govern themselves and break away from a country, it’s called ethnic separatism. If this happens, it can lead to devolution, which means the central government gives some power to local regions or states. This can happen to avoid conflict and keep the peace.

Question 25

Describe how ethnic cleansing and terrorism can lead to devolution.

Answer 25

Ethnic cleansing and terrorism can create divisions and conflicts between different groups of people within a country. This can lead to a breakdown of trust and unity, causing regions to seek independence or devolution to protect themselves. This happens when groups feel that they are not being represented and protected by the central government.

Question 26

Describe how economic and social issues can lead to devolution.

Answer 26

Economic issues like unemployment and poverty, and social issues like inequality and discrimination, can lead to devolution. When people feel neglected or unrepresented, they might push for more independence from the central government. This can lead to the breakup of a country.

Question 27

Describe how irredentism can lead to devolution.

Answer 27

Irredentism is when a group wants to join a country where people share the same culture, language, or history. If this happens, it can lead to devolution, where power and authority shift from a central government to regional or local governments. This happens because the group pursuing irredentism wants to have more control over their own affairs.

Question 28

Describe how the subnational political-territorial units within Spain, Belgium, Canada, and Nigeria were formed due to wars, shifting borders, and migration.

Answer 28

In Spain, Belgium, Canada, and Nigeria, subnational political-territorial units were formed due to challenges to state sovereignty.
Devolution, which is the shift of power from the central government to other authorities reflective of the nation, led to the creation of these units.

Question 29

Describe how balkanization in Sudan and Yugoslavia resulted in devolution.

Answer 29

Balkanization in Sudan and Yugoslavia resulted in devolution because it led to the breakup of these countries into smaller, independent states. This division created new political and social dynamics, causing power to shift from a central government to smaller, individual regions. This process is called devolution.

Question 30

Explain how globalization and technology has led to devolution, supranationalism, and democratization

Answer 30

Globalization and technology have led to devolution by allowing regions to have more power and control over their own affairs. They
have also contributed to supranationalism by promoting the formation of international organizations and alliances.
Moreover, they have aided in democratization by increasing access to information and communication channels.

Question 31

Describe the effects of political, economic, and cultural centrifugal forces on states and nations.

Answer 31

Political centrifugal forces refer to factors that divide a country, like religious or ethnic differences, leading to internal conflicts or separatist movements. These forces can weaken a nation’s unity and stability. Economic centrifugal forces involve disparities in wealth

and resources, leading to economic tensions and disparities between regions. Cultural centrifugal forces result from cultural differences within a nation, leading to social tensions or conflicts.

Question 32

Describe the effects of economic, political, and cultural centripetal forces on states and nations.

Answer 32

Centripetal forces bring states and nations together. Economic centripetal forces can improve infrastructure, like transportation, to promote trade and connections within the state. Political centripetal forces unite areas through political identity and the development of infrastructure.