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ap psych final Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive

A
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2
Q

William Wundt

A

father of psychology, first lab to study humans

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3
Q

Edward Tichener

A

introduced structuralism, Wundts studen

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4
Q

William James

A

founder of functualism, why do that and why does it help

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5
Q

Mary Calkins

A

First female president of the APA

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6
Q

Charles Darwin

A

evolution by natural selection

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7
Q

John Watson

A

founder of behaviorism

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8
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding something in to increase a behavior ( giving a treat when your dog shakes your hand)

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9
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing something to increase behavior (taking away chores because of good behavior)

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10
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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11
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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12
Q

fixed- ratio schedule

A

reinforcement only occurs after a fixed number of responses

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13
Q

variable- ratio schedule

A

a form of partial reinforcement where rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses

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14
Q

primary reinforcer

A

stimulus that is naturally rewarding such as food, walter and shelter

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15
Q

BF Skinner

A

behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training region and rats

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16
Q

generalization

A

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

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17
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal a unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

operant chamber (skinner boz )

A

containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

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19
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to learn form experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt from new situations

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20
Q

grit

A

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

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21
Q

Spearman

A

creator of general intelligence

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22
Q

Robert Sternburg

A

tri theory method (analytical, practical, creative)

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23
Q

Howard Garner

A

theory of multiple intelligences

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24
Q

savant syndrome

A

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

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25
Q

Alfred Binet

A

designed the first IQ test

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26
Q

Lewis Terman

A

revised Binets IQ testing established norms for American children ; show that IQ doesn’t necessarily mean to wonderful things in life

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27
Q

the normal curve

A

the bell shaped curve that describes peoples IQ scores

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28
Q

IQ score and formula

A

Mental age divided by chronically age multiples by 100

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29
Q

achievement test

A

a test designed to know what a person has learned

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30
Q

aptitude test

A

a test designed to predict a future performance

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31
Q

cross-selectional study

A

a study in which a people of different ages are compared with one another at the same time

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32
Q

longitudinal study

A

follow and retest people over a period of time

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33
Q

Flynn effect

A

increase in peoples IQ over a period of time

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34
Q

Sterotype threat

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

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35
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing solutions to a single best solutions

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36
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions ; considering many options

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37
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest unit that carries meaning (prefix)

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38
Q

phonemes

A

smallest diction sound, (that th, a, t )

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39
Q

stages of language development

A
  1. babbling stage - 4 months; make noises that are unrelated
  2. one word stage - 1-2 years, speak one word
  3. two word sage - 18 months; learn new word per day
  4. telegraphic speech- child speaks like a telegram in nouns and verbs, ( GO CAR)
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40
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

inability to control language apprehension

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41
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

inability to control langage oppression

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42
Q

cornea

A

the transparent layer forming and protecting the front of the eye

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43
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light

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44
Q

iris

A

the ring of muscle that forms the color of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

45
Q

Lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images onto the retina

46
Q

retina

A

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, begins processing visual information

47
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

48
Q

blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a “blind spot” because no receptor cells are located there

49
Q

visual cliff

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

50
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

51
Q

PET scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

52
Q

CT scan

A

a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles an combined by computer into a composite representation of the brains structure

53
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

54
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

55
Q

Hypnagogic sensation

A
56
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

57
Q

sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

58
Q

REM rebound

A

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

59
Q

superchiasmatic nucleus

A

pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

60
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

61
Q

clinical psychology

A

branch of psychology that assess and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

62
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

branch of psychology that studies the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principals of natural selection

63
Q

cognitive psychology

A

study of brain activity linked with mental activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information

64
Q

biological psychology

A

branch of psychology that studies how the body and brain enable emotions

64
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

65
Q

educational psychology

A

study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

66
Q

Sigmund Frued

A

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. One of the most influential psychologists and is considered the “father of modern psychiatry.”

67
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First woman president of the American Psychological Association/ Functionalist. Also the first woman to gain a PhD in psychology, but was denied the degree by the university. Was taught by William James.

68
Q

Dorthea Dix

A

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

69
Q

Ivan Pavlou

A

Discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell. he pioneered the study of learning.

70
Q

nature-nurture debate

A

controversy over the contributions of biology (genes) and experiences in the development of psychological traits and behaviors (psychology’s biggest issue)

71
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

72
Q

dependent variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

73
Q

control group

A

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

74
Q

experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

75
Q

operational defintion

A

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

76
Q

correlation positive and negative

A

negative - the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
positive - a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease togethe

77
Q

hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

78
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

79
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

80
Q

mean

A

average

81
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

82
Q

median

A

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

83
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

84
Q

hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

85
Q

hippocampus

A

Connect present with past to remember locations of things in space; if damaged may lose ability to make new memories

86
Q

reticular formation

A

A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

87
Q

amygdaa

A

Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emoption

88
Q

frontal lobes

A

Involved in speaking and muscle movement, plans and judgement
Primary Motor Cortex

89
Q

parietal lobes

A

Top rear of brain, behind frontal lobe. Integrates visual input and monitors body position in space

90
Q

temporal lobes

A

Primary auditory info; receives auditory information from opposite ear. Damage can impair comprehension of speech and language
Left side dedicated to speech sounds

91
Q

occipital lobe

A

Back of head; primary visual cortex, shows what we see. Includes visual areas, which receive info from opposite visual field

92
Q

cerebellum

A

The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

93
Q

medulla

A

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

94
Q

thalamus

A

The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

95
Q

corpus callous

A

A broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

96
Q

plasticity

A

The brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

97
Q

reuptake

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

98
Q

refractory period

A

The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

99
Q

myelin sheath

A

A layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers

100
Q

agonist

A

Excite neurons by mimicking natural neurotransmitters or blocking their reuptake to keep more in your system.

101
Q

antagonist

A

Blocks neural impulses by blocking receptor sites or diminishing their release

102
Q

synapse

A

the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite)

103
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons.

104
Q

endocrine system

A

The system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity

105
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

106
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

107
Q

lesioning

A

Destroying a piece of the brain

108
Q

pituitary gland

A

The master gland of the endocrine system

ap psych (5 decks)

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