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AP Psychology > AP Psych Unit 3 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 3 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Habituation

A

Getting used to something

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2
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning by connecting events that occur in a sequence

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3
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Mental Processes learners take in, interpret and store

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

A

Learning through association of stimulus

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

Observation of mental processes

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6
Q

Psychologist associated with behaviorism

A

John B. Watson- said behavior must be observed

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7
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that creates an automatic response

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8
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

Unlearned response

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9
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Stimulus that only catches your attention

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Learned upon association

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11
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

UCS in Pavlov’s Dogs

A

Food to dog -> salvation (saliva)

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13
Q

UCR in Pavlov’s Dogs

A

Running-> panting when tired

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14
Q

NS in Pavlov’s Dogs

A

Ringing a bell would only get a dog’s attention nothing else

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15
Q

CS in Pavlov’s Dogs

A

Ringing of bell eventually comes to symbolizes food for dog

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16
Q

CR in Pavlov’s Dogs

A

Dog salivating to sound of a bell (the bell is the conditioned response)

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17
Q

Conditioned

A

Learned

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18
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial learning stage w/ association (must occur in abt .5 seconds)

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19
Q

What is the biological reason that humans and animals can be conditioned?

A

Conditioning helps prepare humans and animals for good and/or bad events

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20
Q

Higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

A

Unintentional associations
Ex: You coincidentally turn on a light every time you purposefully ring a bell to get your dog’s attention for food. The light has now become another association, along with the bell, to the dog for food.

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21
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishment of CR when CS (learned upon association) goes away.
Ex: Giving your dog food without ringing the bell-> bell no longer represents food to your dog

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22
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

When the extinguished CR (learned response to a conditioned stimulus) recovers/comes back.
This can happen anytime.

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23
Q

Generalization

A

Inability to distinguish between conditioned and non conditioned stimulus.
Ex: Dog relates the command “sit” to “bit”

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24
Q

Discrimination

A

Ability to distinguish between conditioned and non conditioned stimulus’.
Ex: Dog does not “sit” when he hears the word “bit”

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25
Why does Pavlov's work remain so important?
1.) Because of Pavlov, Learning is studied objectively 2.) His concept of classical conditioning has proven to be a way all organisms learn to adapt
26
What was Watson's "Little Albert" experiment?
The nine month old in Watson's "Little Albert" experiment showed that classical conditioning is possible in humans. In the experiment, a nine month old was tested on his reactions to various different stimuli. He was classically conditioned to experience fear at the sight of a rat due to a loud noise. His fear was seen to generalize to other stimuli that were similar to the rat such as wool and fur coats.
27
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
28
Who is the person associated with operant conditioning?
B.F Skinner
29
Summarize the Law of Effect
Rewarded behaviors reoccur while punished behaviors are less likely to occur.
30
Who created the Law of Effect?
E.L Thorndike - he believed in the theory of Operant conditioning which B.F Skinner wrote
31
How does a Skinner box work?
The Skinner box is a small chamber that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals. In the chamber there is usually a lever or key that an animal can use to obtain food/water within the chamber as a reinforcer.
32
Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens the behavior is follows (Can be positive and/or negative). Ex: Getting a free donut from Krispy Creme for every A you receive on your report card motivates you to get more As.
33
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards a desired target behavior.
34
Discriminative stimulus
A stimulus that has control over certain behavior because it was reliable in the past. Ex: Getting candy at grandmas
35
What is the difference between a positive and negative reinforcer?
Positive reinforcers ADD something good. Negative reinforcers SUBTRACT something unpleasant.
36
Positive Reinforcer
Adding something good to reinforce/control behavior. Ex: Reward, praise, money, good grades, a hug
37
Negative Reinforcer
Subtracting something unpleasant to enforce certain behavior. Ex: No more nagging, chores, etc. etc.
38
Primary Reinforcers
Unlearned reinforcing stimulus' that satisfy a biological need. Ex: Food, water, EVEN candy
39
Secondary Reinforcers
Learned reinforcers that get power through association. Ex: money, good grades, etc.
40
Reinforcement Schedule
Patterns that define how OFTEN reinforcement will occur for a desire behavior.
41
Continuous Reinforcement
A type of reinforcement that reinforces the desired response EACH TIME (continuous). Ex: Codes
42
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
A type of reinforcement that reinforces a response only PART of the time.
43
Fixed- Ration Schedule (Hint- Ratio=number)
A type of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a set (fixed) number (ratio) of responses. Ex: You only get a free fro-yo bowl after purchasing 10 of them.
44
Variable- Ratio Schedule Hint-variable=unpredictable
A type of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an UNPREDICTABLE number of responses.
45
Fixed Interval Schedule Hint- fixed=time
A type of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a set TIME (interval). Ex: You only get a pay check after 2 weeks.
46
Variable-Interval Schedule Hint- variable= unpredictable
A type of interval that reinforces a response at UNPREDICTABLE time intervals.
47
Positive Punishment
Adding an aversive stimulus Ex: Spraying water on a disobedient dog to make him more obedient
48
Negative Punishment
Withdrawing a rewarding stimulus Ex: Taking away a teen's drivers license
49
What did John Garcia find in his studies of taste aversion?
John Garcia found that conditioned taste aversion animals associate illness with food.
50
Examples of how biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
Intrinsic drift- animals "drift" instinctively back to natural ways (biological constraint) Hamsters can be taught how to dig or stand up for food but can't be taught how to wash their faces because unlike digging and standing up, washing your face isn't "food gathering" behavior.
51
What did Rescorla and Wagner show about conditioning?
Rescorla and Wagner showed that animals can show the predictability of an event.
52
Tolman's Mental Map
Mental Representations
53
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but isn't apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Ex: You drive to a friends house with gps so much that you don't realize you know the way by heart until you drive without the gps.
54
Insight
The sudden realization of a problem's solution
55
Intrinsic motivation
The desire to do something because you want to do it
56
Extrinsic motivation
The desire to do something due to promised reward or threat of punishment
57
Problem Focused Coping
Problems we address directly to fix them
58
Emotion Focused Coping
When we think we can't control a situation so we cope emotionally without solving the problem
59
Learned Helplessness
Hopelessness and passive resignation Ex: constantly failing a test even though you are studying->give up studying and just fail without it (This can lead to good things too such as enlightenment and hope in finding an alternative studying method that may work better)
60
External Focus of Control
Belief that outside forces control your own fate Ex: the universe, God, luck, destiny
61
Internal Focus of Control
Belief that you control your fate

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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