AP Psych Unit 4

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

organism learns asso­ciations between two stimuli

Question 2

John Watson

Answer 2

American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

early 1990s belief that human behavior is more important than mental life (anti-freud)

Question 4

Pavlov’s Legacy

Answer 4

Learning occurs in all creatures and is related to biological drives

Question 5

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 5

Stimulus that does not normally trigger a response

Question 6

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 6

A response that triggers a response naturally

Question 7

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 7

Response that happens naturally

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

The formally neutral stimulus that now triggers a response

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 9

Same as UR, but now triggered by CS instead of US

Question 10

Aquisition

Answer 10

the initial stage of learning/conditioning

Question 11

Higher-order (second-order) conditioning

Answer 11

A conditioned stimulus from one learning procedure is paired with a neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

Diminishing of a CR

Question 13

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 13

Following extinction, presenting the CS alone in the future might lead to a return of the CR

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

CR can be triggered by related/similar stimuli

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Only respond to specific stimuli

Question 16

Operant Chamber

Answer 16

A device that tracks behavior change in response to different rates of reinforcement or punishment

Question 17

Shaping

Answer 17

Behaviors that get closer (successive approximations ) to the final desired behavior are rewarded

Question 18

Reinforcement

Answer 18

Feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

the organism learns associations between its behavior and resulting events

Question 20

Successive approximations

Answer 20

method of shaping operant behavior by reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

adding something desirable to increase behavior

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

Ending something unpleasant to increase behavior

Question 23

Primary reinforcers

Answer 23

Stimulus that is naturally desirable

Question 24

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 24

Stimulus which has become associated with a primary reinforcer

Question 25

Delayed reinforcers

Answer 25

reinforcement that does not occur immediately after a response has been made

Question 26

Punishment

Answer 26

opposite effect of reinforcement

Question 27

Positive Punishment

Answer 27

Add something unpleasant to decrease behavior

Question 28

Negative Punishment

Answer 28

Take away something desired to decrease behavior

Question 29

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

Give reward every time after desired behavior

Question 30

Partial (intermittent) reinforce­ment

Answer 30

reward is based on a specific amount of times behavior takes place

Question 31

Fixed-ratio

Answer 31

specific amount of times (physical)

Question 32

Variable Ratio

Answer 32

Random amount of times (physical)

Question 33

Fixed Interval

Answer 33

the specific amount of times (clock)

Question 34

Variable Interval

Answer 34

the time going by (clock)

Question 35

Reinforcement sensitivity theory

Answer 35

people differ in response to punishment and reward

Question 36

Role of Biological learning

Answer 36

Organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt.

Question 37

Instinctive drift

Answer 37

Animals natural behavior can interfere with conditioning

Question 38

Role of Cognitive learning

Answer 38

animals can learn from experience that is below the surface until a reward draws

Question 39

Cognitive map

Answer 39

Create a map in their mind

Question 40

latent learning

Answer 40

no immediate reward or punishment after you're exposed to new information

Question 41

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 41

Doing an activity for ones own satisfaction

Question 42

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 42

Doing an activity as motivation to get a self-earned reward

Question 43

Observational learning

Answer 43

watching and learning what others do

Question 44

Modeling

Answer 44

Changing your behavior based on observing someone else

Question 45

Mirror neurons

Answer 45

frontal lobes that response the same when we perform an action when we see someone do the same action

Question 46

Overimitation

Answer 46

Copying anything someone does

Question 47

Pro - social modeling

Answer 47

Modeling actions which benefits others

Question 48

Anti-social modeling

Answer 48

People witness behavior that is harmful and likely to be more violent

Question 49

Violence-viewing effect

Answer 49

Viewing violent media leads to increased aggression