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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 5 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system–for example, by extracting meaning

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3
Q

Storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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6
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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7
Q

Selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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8
Q

Automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

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9
Q

Mnemonic effect

A

memory aids, especially those technique that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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10
Q

Method of loci

A

a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

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11
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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12
Q

Sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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13
Q

Working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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14
Q

Serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list

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15
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

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16
Q

Testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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17
Q

Spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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18
Q

Retroactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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19
Q

Proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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20
Q

Repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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21
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

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22
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

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23
Q

Misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

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24
Q

Source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have heard, heard about, read about, or imagined. Also called source misattribution. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

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25
Déjà vu
that eerie sense that 'I've experienced this before.' Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
26
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
27
Flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
28
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
29
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
30
Implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called nondeclarative memory
31
Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." Also called declarative memory
32
Episodic memory
A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.
33
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
34
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
35
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
36
Cognitive abilities
capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving
37
Convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
38
Divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
39
Overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
40
Belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
41
Framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
42
Concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
43
Morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
44
Phoneme
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
45
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
46
Grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. IN a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
47
Linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
48
Algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics
49
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
50
Representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
51
Availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
52
Mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
53
Confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
54
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
55
Intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
56
General intelligence
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
57
Savant Syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
58
Factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
59
Grit
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
60
Emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
61
Achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
62
Aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
63
Mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
64
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
65
Intelligence quotient
(IQ)defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
66
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
67
Stanford Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
68
Predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
69
Content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
70
Crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
71
Flynn effect
the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years
72
Fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
73
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
74
Divided Attention
Divided attention is the ability to pay attention to two tasks at once
75
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
76
Prospective Memory
Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.
77
Creativity
the use of the imagination or original ideas, especially in the production of an artistic work.
78
Intuition
the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.
79
Culture Fair Tests
a test based on common human experience and considered to be relatively unbiased with respect to special background influences.
80
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is a term used when there are limits to a person's ability to learn at an expected level and function in daily life.
81
Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome.
82
Stereotype Threat
anxiety that comes about in members of stereotyped groups that they may behave in a manner that confirms existing stereotypes.
83
Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky espoused the theory of universal grammar which suggests that language is innate or inborn and is processed through the brain's pre-existing mechanism.
84
Sir Francis Galton
Galton used eugenics to lead him to believe that certain intelligence traits were more desirable than others. He thought that, due to evolution, specific traits were more beneficial to intelligence in the long run. One of these traits is speed.
85
Howard Gardner
Gardner theorizes that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences.
86
Charles Spearman
Spearman's theory of general intelligence is known as the two-factor theory and states that general intelligence or "g" is correlated with specific abilities or "s" to some degree. All tasks on intelligence tests, whether related to verbal or mathematical abilities, were influenced by this underlying g
87
Robert Sternberg
He is best known for his intelligence theory, which states that there are three aspects to intelligence. These are creative, analytical, and practical intelligence.
88
Lewis Terman
Lewis Terman was an influential psychologist who is known for his version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and for his longitudinal study of giftedness. His research is the longest-lasting longitudinal study ever conducted.

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