AP Psych Unit 8

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Question 2

DSM-V

Answer 2

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: A reference for coding psychiatric disorders or conditions.

Question 3

anxiety disorder

Answer 3

a condition in which real or imagined fears are difficult to control

Question 4

General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Answer 4

a chronic or long-lasting state of anxiety, fear, and tenseness

Question 5

panic disorder

Answer 5

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Question 6

phobia

Answer 6

An extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Question 7

social anxiety disorder

Answer 7

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

Question 8

agraphobia

Answer 8

a fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible

Question 9

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 9

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Question 10

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 10

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Question 11

posttraumatic growth

Answer 11

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Question 12

mood disorders

Answer 12

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Question 13

major depressive disorder

Answer 13

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Question 14

bipolar disorder

Answer 14

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Question 15

neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 15

A group of disorders that affect the development of the nervous system, leading to abnormal brain function which may affect emotion, learning ability, self-control, and memory, and tend to last for a person’s lifetime.

Question 16

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 16

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Question 17

autism

Answer 17

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

Question 18

neurocognitive disorders

Answer 18

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

Question 19

Schizophrenia

Answer 19

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Question 20

psychosis

Answer 20

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Question 21

delusions

Answer 21

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Question 22

hallucinations

Answer 22

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Question 23

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 23

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form, like pain, without apparent physical cause

Question 24

conversion disorder

Answer 24

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences physical or psychological symptoms (like blindness, paralysis, or loss of voice) where no physiological basis can be found.

Question 25

dissociative disorders

Answer 25

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Question 26

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 26

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Question 27

anorexia nervosa

Answer 27

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Question 28

bulimia nervosa

Answer 28

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Question 29

binge eating disorder

Answer 29

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Question 30

personality disorders

Answer 30

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Question 31

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 31

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Question 32

psychotherapy

Answer 32

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Question 33

biomedical therapy

Answer 33

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

Question 34

eclectic approach

Answer 34

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Question 35

psychoanalysis

Answer 35

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 36

transference

Answer 36

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Question 37

psychodynamic therapy

Answer 37

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Question 38

insight therapies

Answer 38

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Question 39

client-centered therapy

Answer 39

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Question 40

active listening

Answer 40

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Question 41

behavioral therapy

Answer 41

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

Question 42

counterconditioning

Answer 42

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

Question 43

exposure therapies

Answer 43

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

Question 44

systematic desensitization

Answer 44

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Question 45

cognitive therapy

Answer 45

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 46

aversive conditioning

Answer 46

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Question 47

rational emotional behavior therapy

Answer 47

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Question 48

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 48

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 49

group therapy

Answer 49

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Question 50

family therapy

Answer 50

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Question 51

evidence-based practice

Answer 51

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Question 52

therapeutic alliance

Answer 52

the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding

Question 53

resilience

Answer 53

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Question 54

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 54

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Question 55

anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 55

drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers

Question 56

antidepressant drugs

Answer 56

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

Question 57

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 57

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Question 58

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 58

painless, magnetic pulses to help lessen the symptoms of depression.

Question 59

psychosurgery

Answer 59

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Question 60

lobotomy

Answer 60

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Question 61

Rosenhan experiment

Answer 61

Participants faked hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals but acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic medication.

Question 62

Albert Ellis

Answer 62

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Question 63

Aaron Beck

Answer 63

pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.

Question 64

Mary Cover Jones

Answer 64

behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned