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AP Psychology > AP test review > Flashcards

AP test review Flashcards

1
Q

Animism

A

the belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics

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2
Q

Congruence between self-systems

A

The alignment of various aspects of an individual’s personality, beliefs, values, and behaviors

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3
Q

Self-efficiency

A

an individual’s confidence in their ability to complete a task or achieve a goal.

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

How our physiological needs motivate our behavior

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5
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned information interferes with the ability to recall or learn new information

Old info interferes with New info

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6
Q

the serial position effect

A

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a series

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7
Q

Mcgurk effect

A

This can lead to the perception that the person’s lip movements do not align with the spoken words

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8
Q

Stroop effect

A

psychological phenomenon demonstrating interference in reaction time of a task.

the name of a color is printed in a color not denoted by the name

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9
Q

Assimilation

A

the process of incorporating new info into existing schemas

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10
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Being dramatic and seeking attention

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11
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

a condition that affects social and emotional functioning

involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, and social withdrawal

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12
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of personal identity and responsibility as a result of being in a crowd of people

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13
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.

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14
Q

Thats’ not all phenomenon

A

a sequential request strategy in which an offer is improved before the message receiver responds.

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15
Q

biopsychosocial

A

approach to mental health looks at the way both internal and external factors influence our mental state.

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16
Q

After an interview, the doctor decides a good treatment is systemic desensitization. What is the diagnosis?

a) conversion disorder
b)OCD
c) specific phobia
d) schizophrenia
e) generalized anxiety disorder

A

c) specific phobia

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17
Q

Danny pushes Judy so he can steal her dessert

a) frustration-aggression hypothesis
b) excitation of transfer
c) hostile aggression
d) instrumental aggression
e) social learning theory

A

d) instrumental aggression

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18
Q

Excitation of transfer

A

Any form of emotional arousal can enhance anger & create more aggressive responses

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19
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Triggered by anger, the goal of which is to cause injury or death to the victim and is often impulsive and irrational (assault).

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19
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

a form of aggression where the primary aim is not to inflict pain on the victim but to reach some other goal

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19
Q

2 people listen to a song. 1st person can distinguish various instruments. 2 can’t

A

1 has a better discriminating timbre than 1

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19
Q

Discriminating timbre

A

distinguishes sounds of equal pitch, loudness and duration.

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19
Q

synesthesia

A

where a sense (ex-smell) triggers experiences in another sense (ex-sight)

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20
Q

ideasthesia

A

Something activates an idea

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21
Q

chromesthesia

A

hearing a sound leads to perception of colors

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22
Q

What does availability heuristic help you do

A

make decisions quickly by using 1st information that comes to mind (test)

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23
Q

External validity

A

How well the findings of a study can be considered representative of the real world

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24
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Accommodation is the process of adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information.

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25
Q

Who developed the concepts of assimilation and accommodation?

A

Piaget

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26
Q

What are assimilation and accommodation related to?

A

related to the idea of schemas, which are established patterns used to organize knowledge.

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27
Q

systemic desensitization

A

Getting someone to associate their fear with relaxation, this is done by gradually working their way up to the fear and re-learning.

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28
Q

​Client-centered therapy is a type of ____ therapy.

A

humanistic

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29
Q

A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality

A

biomedical

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30
Q

A research design involves 2 randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the 2 groups are compared to see whether the treatment has an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research

A

an experiment

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31
Q

correlational study

A

The researcher collects data to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables.

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32
Q

Correlation does not mean causation

A

rain and umbrellas are correlated but just because it rains doesnt cause an umbrella

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33
Q

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

A

medulla

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34
Q

what is the function of the limbic system?

A

coordinates behaviors needed to satisfy motivational and emotional urges arising in the hypothalamus
-also involved in memory

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35
Q

what are some other strucutres within the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, pituitiary gland, hypothalamus

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36
Q

hypothalamus function

A

controls hunger, thirst and temperature control

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37
Q

thalamus function

A

relay center for sensory information (everything BUT smell)

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38
Q

which of the following would an industrial organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study
a)managerial skills
b)employee motivation
c) job satisfaction
d) corporate profitability
e) pay incentive programs

A

job satisfaction

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39
Q

obedience

A

An action performed in response to authority

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40
Q

A stereotype is defined as which of the following

A

a generalization about a social group

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41
Q

Rafael has a sleep disorder and takes amphetamines. what is her diagnosis

A

Narcolepsy

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42
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleep walking

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43
Q

Meds for insomnia

A

melatonin pills like diphenhydramine of zolpidem or eszopiclone

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44
Q

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its

A

frequency

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45
Q

Balance is influenced by the

A

semicircular canal

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46
Q

Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is

A

innate

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47
Q

a stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms

A

projection

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48
Q

Harry Harlow’s experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers

A

The tactile characteristics of the mother

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49
Q

Visual acuity is best in the

a)lens
b)iris
c)pupil
d)fovea
e)cornea

A

fovea

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50
Q

people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

A

hippocampus (amnesia=memory loss)

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51
Q

in treating patient with depression the doctor focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is he using

A

cognitive

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52
Q

Community psychologists intervene at the primary level when they

A

design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur

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53
Q

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system’s ability to ward off illness

a) exposure to stress associated with final exams week
b) having a serious argument with a close friend
c) experiencing the death of a loved one
d) being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
e) suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights writing a research paper

A

Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu

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54
Q

Objective Test

A

A tests that consists only of specific answer choices from which the client chooses.

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55
Q

Projective Test

A

A test in which the subject is asked to respond to some ambiguous stimulus.

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56
Q

The best known and most frequently used personality test.

A

MMPI

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57
Q

Myers-Briggs

A

An objective test that is more useful for looking at personality in the normal range.

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58
Q

Rorschach Test

A

A projective test that is particularly useful for detecting the types of disordered thought patterns seen in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

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59
Q

Creator of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Henry Murray

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60
Q

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they

A

Reveal the subjects personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli

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61
Q

Subliminal suggestion

A

messages or ideas that are perceived right below (sub) the threshold

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62
Q

ur friend walks away from you, your retinal image of him gets smaller but you do not perceive him to be shrinking.

A

size constancy

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63
Q

correct sequence of neural chain

A

receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

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64
Q

a study can be regarded as scientific only if

a) it uses placebo
b) accepted by experts
c) consistent with established theories
d) conclusions based on correlational data
e) conclusions are verified or refuted by subsequent studies

A

its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies

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65
Q

when infant is touched on the cheek and turns toward the source of stimulation

A

rooting

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66
Q

people with type A personality have an increased risk for

A

cardiovasular disease

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67
Q

Rational-emotive behavior therapy assumes that abnormal functioning results from what

A

unreasonable beliefs or assumptions

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68
Q

id, ego, superego

A

id- pleasure
ego- reality
superego- morals

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69
Q

The correlation between 2 measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a

A

scatterplot

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70
Q

habituation

A

repeated exposures to a stimulus

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71
Q

Gestalt principal

A

Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object(figure) against a less prominent background(ground)\

(picture of 2 heads or cup)

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72
Q

Research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that

A

many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

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73
Q

they did an experiment to test out a new study method, but the results were not significantly different

A

there is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance

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74
Q

a student’s test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. that means

A

scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students

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75
Q

Carol Gilligan’s critique of Lawrence Kohlbergs stages of moral development focuses primarily on

A

differences between males and females in the course of moral development

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76
Q

for extinction to occur what the the pattern that must occur

A

The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS and the CR loses strength

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77
Q

Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of

A

bipolar disorder

78
Q

John B Watson is founder of

A

behaviorism

79
Q

René Descartes is the founder of

A

rationalism

79
Q

William James is the founder of

A

functionalism

79
Q

Wilhelm Wundt is the founder of

A

structuralism

79
Q

photoreceptors relay visual info to the brain through what calls

A

bipolar and ganglion

79
Q

Robert Rescorlas contingency model of classical conditioning states that

A

conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another

79
Q

Content validity

A

The extent to which test items sample the content that they are supposed to measure

80
Q

what is the best evidence that emotions are innate

A

emotions and expressed in similar ways by people from diverse cultures

80
Q

Predictive validity

A

an index of the degree to which a test score predicts some criterion, or outcome, measure in the future

80
Q

in studying the behavior of 5 year olds in free play situations, a psychologist would be most interested in

A

problem-solving strategies

81
Q

a child’s secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of what in his toddler years

A

social comepetence

82
Q

training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for what

A

specific phobia

83
Q

The halo effect

A

transferring the most visual/obvious impression rating to other qualities. for example soldiers that were handsome were highly rated by superiors in all areas.

(pretty privilege)

84
Q

self efficiency

A

a person’s belief in their own ability to complete a task or a goal

85
Q

Alicia is starting a new and different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required to her. How would u refer to her confidence as

A

self-efficancy

86
Q

stanley schachter and jerome singer view emotion as resulting from

A

cognitive labels of physiological changes

87
Q

The tendency to believe that another person’s behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called

A

the fundamental attribution error

88
Q

describe a dependent variable

A

some aspects of a participant’s response that is measured in an experiment

89
Q

describe a control variable

A

some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender

90
Q

describe independent variable

A

a factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to observe its effects on some other factors

91
Q

the sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called

A

action potential

92
Q

a technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary such as BP

A

biofeedback

93
Q

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide info about what

A

clinical disorders

94
Q

which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction

A

variable ratio

95
Q

the idea that just bc the size changed doesn’t meant the volume changed

A

conservation

95
Q

a person diagnosed as having somatoform disorder would be most likely to show

A

a biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning

95
Q

the correlation between scores obtained on 2 halves of a single test yields information about the tests

a) reliability
b)validity

A

relaiability

95
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person’s two beliefs or a belief and an action

96
Q

to score high on a test of creativity, their answers should be

A

original and valuable

96
Q

it belongs to human nature to hate those you have ingured

A

cognitive dissonance theory

96
Q

sematic memory

A

the long term storage of facts and form of declarative memory

97
Q

Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition?

A

Dizziness and loss of balance

98
Q

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a

A

damage to the cerebellum

99
Q

Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors

A

Cerebellum

100
Q

Dizziness is most closely associated with which of the following senses?

A

vestibular

101
Q

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided.

A

gate control theory

102
Q

​Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that ____.

A

one cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time

103
Q

Client-centered therapy is a type of ____ therapy.

A

humanistic

104
Q

The goal of rational-emotive therapy is to ____.

A

​identify and change irrational beliefs

105
Q

​Aversion therapy involves ____.

A

pairing an unpleasant stimulus with the behavior that you want to change

106
Q

​In family therapy, ____.

A

the identified patient is often seen as the scapegoat for the larger problems in the family.

107
Q

Scapegoat

A

a person who gets blamed for the actions of someone else.

108
Q

external locus of control

A

the act of saying or believing that somebody is responsible for doing something

(bad grade is bc teacher teaches bad)

109
Q

when something is good you take credit for it and when its bad you dont

A

self serving bias

110
Q

sara had an argument with a co-worker and he showed up in her dreams

A

manifest content

111
Q

latent content

A

the hidden meaning of a dream

112
Q

manifest content

A

Literal content and storyline of the dream

113
Q

The most frequently prescribed antidepressants are ____.

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

114
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

are episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucination when you are falling asleep or waking up

115
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

procedure that uses electric currents to trigger a seizure in the brain and improve symptoms of certain mental health conditions.

116
Q

major depressive disorder is treated with medication, what treatment approach is this

A

biomedical

117
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently

118
Q

thematic apperception test

A

(TAT personality test) PROJECTIVE TEST

119
Q

comparing income and disorders

A

sociocultural

120
Q

which theorist suggested intelligence can be classified into general and specific intelligence factors

A

charles spearman

121
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay

122
Q

major depressive disorder

a) dopamine
b) serotonin

A

serotonin

123
Q

beth got a hemispherectomy at 7 and still has the same IQ

A

neuroplasticity

124
Q

A: O O O O
B: O O O O

A

conservation

125
Q

A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question?

A

alcohol

126
Q

Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally’s explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?

A

activation-synthesis

127
Q

The validity of hypnosis as a treatment for psychiatric disorders is most directly threatened by

A

the lack of empirical support for its efficacy

128
Q

Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

A

Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland

129
Q

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is

A

reduced inhibition

130
Q

reduced inhibition

A

decreased ability to control impulses or behaviors

131
Q

Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out “Bird!” According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of

A

assimilation

132
Q

Which of the following terms is used to describe an infant’s individual style of interacting with the world?

A

temperament

133
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

when responding increases as a result of stimulus termination (ending it)

134
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

encouraging a behavior

135
Q

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, “We do not yell in this house!” Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie’s behavior is best explained by

A

observational learning

136
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

The response is reinforced only part of the time.

137
Q

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave’s

A

frequency

138
Q

Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing?

A

Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve.

139
Q

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?

A

Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.

140
Q

Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?

A

Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

141
Q

lack of serotonin

A

major depressive disorder

142
Q

lack of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

143
Q

too much dopamine

A

schizophrenia

144
Q

After arguing with her husband over dinner, Sue developed a stomachache. This was probably because her ___________________________.

A. endocrine system sent out too many hormones to her stomach

B. sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument

C. central nervous system signaled for too much acid to be produced in her stomach

D. parasympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument

A

B. sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument

145
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

A

depression

146
Q

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

be twice as strong

last twice as long

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

travel twice as fast down the axon

A

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

147
Q

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

acetylcholine

beta-endorphin

GABA

norepinephrine

A

beta-endorphin

148
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate and blood flow.

149
Q

GABA

A

slows down signals.

is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that also plays a role in muscle tone.

150
Q

What type of medication alters GABA receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) to produce a calming/relaxing effect to reduce anxiety-related symptoms?

A

Benzodiazepines

151
Q

If the question has the word “hypothesis”

A

then X out the answers that say “he found…”

152
Q

Operationally defined

A

to MEASURE a concept that is generally not directly observable

153
Q

the process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by

A

operational definition

154
Q

Near-death experiences are

A

often accompanied by visions of bright lights

155
Q

learning involves
a) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
b) acquiring knowledge that can be recalled explicitly or implicitly

A

a

156
Q

explicit or implicit recall

A

explicit- use brain hard to remember
implicit- use brain effortlessly to remember

157
Q

The inability to remember how Lincolns head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in

A

encoding

158
Q

heuristics are related to

A

intuition

159
Q

heuristics example

A

chicken restaurants more than Mexican restaurants

seeing something more so u think its more common

160
Q

in one experiment, white people took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as “good” when the words were associated with black-sounding names rather than white-sounding names

a) the other-race effect
b) implicit racial associations

A

implicit racial associations

161
Q

mirror-image perception

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and the other side as evil and aggressive

162
Q

Which of the following psychologists would have been likely to say, “I do not care about the unconscious or hidden motives—I want to study behavior directly”?

A

John Watson

163
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

where two lines of the same length appear as if they are different lengths.

164
Q

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that

A

people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

165
Q

Question
Research in the field of positive psychology is most supportive of which of the following conclusions?

An external locus of control results in higher levels of optimism.

An internal locus of control lowers immune system functioning.

Locus of control is not an important factor in health and well-being.

Perception of control is determined by situational factors.

Perception of control is related to a sense of well-being.

A

Perception of control is related to a sense of well-being.

166
Q

The limbic system is most closely associated with

A

emotions

167
Q

Positive versus negative symptoms

A

“Positive” symptoms refer to characteristics that are added to someone’s state of being. “Negative” symptoms, in contrast, are characteristics that are removed from the person’s state of being.

168
Q

A therapist uses systematic desensitization to treat a client with a phobia. Which of the following treatment approaches can best explain the fundamental components underlying this technique?

A

Behavioral

169
Q

A research group involved with advertising is conducting a study to investigate whether shoppers are more likely to engage in impulse buying at the checkout than at any other place in the store. For the results of the study to be generalizable, the researchers should

use a representative sample

use a small convenience sample

depend on self-report surveys

create a double-blind procedure

conduct an experiment

A

use a representative sample

170
Q

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

A

hypothalamus

171
Q

Question
When Cory is given a logic problem to solve, he systematically tries every possible solution until he finds the correct answer. Cory’s strategy is to use

A

an algorithm

172
Q

Multiple personality is a type of
a. Dissociative disorder
b. Schizophrenia
c. Dementia praecox
d. Bipolar disorder
e. Manic-depressive psychosis

A

a. Dissociative disorder

173
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy has been most successful in the treatment of

A

Clinical depression

174
Q

Matthew learned to play the violin at a very early age. He is able to play several songs from memory, but he does not remember learning to play them. Matthew’s ability to play the violin depends on which of the following types of memory?

Episodic

Short-term

Sensory

Semantic

Procedural

A

procedural

175
Q

Attribution

A

explaining the cause for a behavior

176
Q

While reviewing scores from a chapter test, a teacher discovered that the mean score was higher than the median. Which of the following statements is most likely correct?

Responses

The range of the set of scores is the difference between the mean and the median.

The standard deviation is equal to the mean.

The distribution of scores for the test is normal.

The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.

The distribution of scores is multimodal.

A

The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.

177
Q

Many people who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder find their symptoms are reduced when they take a medication that alters their serotonin or norepinephrine levels. Their outcome supports which of the following approaches to depression?

A

Biological

178
Q

The original dopamine hypothesis refers to the view that schizophrenia is at least partially caused by

too much dopamine in the brain

too much dopamine in the spinal cord

too little dopamine in the brain

too little dopamine in the spinal cord

too little dopamine in the peripheral nervous system

A

too much dopamine in the brain

179
Q

activation-synthesis

A

brains attempt to make sense of neural impulses

180
Q

Conversion disorder

A

mental health condition that causes physical symptoms

181
Q

The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?

A

Trait psychology

182
Q

What type of theorist is most likely to assess people’s personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics?

Psychoanalytic

Behavioral

Humanistic

Cognitive

Social cognitive

A

Psychoanalytic

183
Q

Which of the following types of therapy focuses on changing a behavior by changing maladaptive thinking?

Biological

Behavioral

Psychodynamic

Humanistic

Cognitive

A

cognitive

184
Q

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was

A

Edward Tolman

185
Q

Agoraphobia

A

a fear of open spaces and a fear of being trapped or helpless

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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