Apartheid Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
what was the aim of the UNO
A
keep peace among the countries of the world
promote human rights
improve living conditions of the poorer parts of the world
2
Q
what did the UNO write in 1948
A
the universal deceleration of human rights ( UDHR )
3
Q
what the UDHR do
A
it set the the universal standards for how human beings should behave towards one another so that everyone’s dignity is respected
4
Q
what are some of the human rights that we are all born with
A
right to education right to work right to adequate standard of living freedom of opinion and speech freedom of belief and religion.
5
Q
what was happening when the UDHR was accepted at the UNO
A
South Africa was entering its most racist time in history.
6
Q
who was in power during South Africa’s most racist time in history
A
the national party was in power
7
Q
what did the national party do
A
they put into practice a policy of racial discrimination, called apartheid
8
Q
what did the apartheid laws do
A
they denied black South Africans the basic human rights and it ignored all the rights recognised in the UDHR
9
Q
did South Africa sign the UDHR
A
no, but they remained a member of the UNO
10
Q
what did the UNO declare apartheid as
A
a crime against humanity
11
Q
what was the apartheid ideology
A
it was the ideology that used skin color and other physical characteristics of South Africans to classify people into race groups.
12
Q
what was the apartheid system based on
A
racism
13
Q
what is racism
A
the false idea or a myth that a certain group people are better than others
14
Q
what do racist people do
A
they divide the human race into different race groups and they believe that it is acceptable to exclude or dominate certain of these groups on the grounds of their race
15
Q
what did apartheid ideology say
A
it said that light-skinned people were superior to dark skinned people. it was used to justify the oppression of black South Africans
16
Q
what does the word apartheid mean
A
it means appartness in english
17
Q
what were black South Africans referred to as
A
non-whites
18
Q
what other categories were the non-whites divided into
A
native, bantu, coloured’s and indians
19
Q
does race exist
A
no, it does not scientifically exist
20
Q
how has apartheid effected our generation
A
racial categories have become part of our identities and how we think about ourselves
21
Q
why did the national party not use the term african for the non-whites
A
African translated into afrikaans is
‘afrikaner’
22
Q
what led to the formation of the UNO
A
the horrors of the holocaust, and the violence of the Second World War
23
Q
what were afrikans called
A
natives or bantu
24
Q
what was apartheid a continuation of
A
a system of racal segregation that had been used on South African’s cities and farms by whites for decades.
25
what gave special privileges to whites
the union of South Africa that was formed in 1910
26
when was the natives land act passed
in 1914
27
how much land were african people allowed to own
about 13%
28
what happened to the rest of the land
it was given to the white's, but they were only about 20% of the population
29
what were the black 'reserves'
thgey were widely scattered peices of land
30
what was one of the main ways african people were kept separate
the unequal access to land. it later became one of the pillars of apartheid
31
who else( besides africans ) were considered non-white
indians and coloureds
32
was there discrimination against indians and coloureds
yes, but they were not as disadvantaged as black africans
33
what were some other racial segregation laws
- black South Africans were not allowed to vote
- people living n towns and cities had to live in separate suburbs and townships, according to skin colour
- africans in the cities where only allowed to stay as long as their labour was needed by whites.
- the job colour bar gave white people jobs rather than black people, and a white person was paid more for doing the same job as a black person. a white skin was a better recommendation for a job than ability
34
when did the apartheid government officially come to an end
in 1994
35
what are 'born frees'
they are babies born after apartheid ended
36
how many laws did the national party pass
14 apartheid laws
37
what was the aim of the apartheid laws
increase the power and living standards of whites
increase the separation of 'races'
control the movement of black people
38
how did apartheid effects white and black people's lives
white people's lives became better, while black people experienced more hardship
39
what did the main apartheid laws do
they controlled who had power, who could vote, where people lived, worked and were educated. they were also to reserve the best of the resources and amenities for whites
40
what were the main apartheid laws
```
separate amenities act
the suppression of communism act and the terrorism act
bantu education act
bantu self government act
population registration act
'passes' act
group areas act
prohibition of mixed marriages and the immorality act
```
41
what was the separate amenities act
beaches, parks, toilets and nearly all public amenities were segregated. the best amenities were reserved for whites
42
what was the suppression of communism act and the terrorism act
this law banned any political organization that the national party did not like, by calling them communist or terrorist. people were arrested, detained and tortured without trial under this act
43
what was the bantu education act
this allowed black children to receive an inferior education
44
what was the bantu self government act
it set up a system of 'homelands' or 'Bantustans' for Africans
45
what was the population registration act
it classified all South Africans into Europeans ( whites ), coloureds, Indians and africans
46
what was the passes act
all african men had to carry ' reference' books or 'pass' books. passes where used to control the movement of african male workers between rural and urban areas
47
what was the prohibition of mixed marriages act and the immorality act
these laws forbade marriages between blacks and whites, and made it illegal for black and white people to have sexual relations with each other.
48
what happened when a black person was living in a white area
they were removed immediately and moved to a place set aside for black occupation
49
where were the suburbs for the white people
they were near the business parts of the cities
50
what was the forced removal of the people of Sophiatown and example of
how the group areas act destroyed a community
51
where was Sophiatown situated
near the center of the city of Johannesburg.
52
what was Sophiatown
a racially mixed suburb that was home to about 70 000 people, most of the africans
53
were the residents of Sophiatown aware that parts were a slum
yes, it was a suburb of contadictions: on one hand, it was dirty and overpoulated, on the other hand it was home to a developing urban black culture. it was vibrant and full of activity and excitement
54
what did the residents do when the apartheid government made plans for the destruction for Sophiatown
residents and political activists, protested against the removal
55
what does the ANC stand for
african national congress
56
what did the ANC do about the destruction of Sophiatown
they led and anti-removal campaign and they held public rallies which attracted thousands of people
57
what was the slogan of the ANC's anti-removal campaign
" ons dak nie, ons phola hier " ( we wont move, we live here )
58
did the campaign work
no, in 1955, 2000 armed policemen began to move the community of Sophiatown out of their homes
59
where were the people of Sophiatown moved once they had been removed
to the newly constructed township of meadowlands in Soweto
60
where were the coloureds moved
to Eldorado park
61
where were the indians moved to
lenasia
62
where were the Chinese moved to
central Johannesburg
63
who developed the principles of separation of the races even further
the prime minister, Dr. H F Verwoerd
64
what was a Bantustan
a negative word used for the reserves where black people were meant to me citizens
65
how many homelands were there
ten
66
how were the people divided into the homelands
by the language they spoke
67
what did Verwoerd say the homelands were
that they were separate and independent 'countries'. that africans would have full political rights in the homelands
68
what were the people allowed to do in the homelands
they were allowed to vote for their own rulers. they would develop separately from the whites
69
how many people were moved and why
about 3 and a half million people, because they were living on land declared for whites
70
what was the governments aim in creating the Bantustans
they wanted to show the world that it was a democratic country in which all its citizens had a right to vote. they hoped to use the principle of' divide and rule' to prevent the growth of african nationalism
71
did the rest of the world buy into what the apartheid government was wanting them to see
no, no international community recognized that the homelands were separate and independent countries
72
what happened when people were forced to move
they not only lost their land, but they were also unable to make a living in the Bantustans. they were poverty stricken
73
what faculties did the Bantustans lack
cliinics, schools, libraries, sports stadia and there were no jobs in the area
74
what happened to families as a result of the Bantustans
families were spilt apart because the males had to go to white cities to look for work. the men were not allowed to stay in the white cities, they had to return to the reserves every few months
75
where did men live when they worked in the white cities
in workers' hostels, or in african townships, under poor condition.
76
what did the wife rely on
the husbands money to support herself and the children
77
were the protests against apartheid violent
no, they were peaceful, but they were met with banning, arrests, stricter laws and police violence
78
what does Africanist mean
the ideology that says that black africans should determine their own future
79
what did the africanist members of the ANC decide to do
to break away and form the PAC
80
when was the PAC formed
on 6 april 1959
81
what does PAC tand for
pan-africanist congress
82
who was the first president of the PAC
Robert Sobukwe
83
what did the organization believe
that the struggle against apartheid was an African struggle. they did not want to work with organistations that were not african
84
who did the PAC not want to work with
organizations that were not African. and especially not white organizations such as the Congress of Democrats
85
was the PAC racist
no, but they did believe that white people had too much to lose to be reliable allies
86
what are the PAC colours
black, green and gold
87
what does the green symbolise in the PAC logo
youth and vitality of the continent Africa
88
what does the yellow in the PAC logo symbolise
wealth
89
what does the black in the PAC logo symbolise
the colour of its people
90
what was the official name for the pass book
a reference book
91
what was the pass book most commanly called
dompas - the afrikaans work for stpid pass
92
what was the pass book meant to show
that africans were temporary travelers in 'white South Africa'
93
who had to carry the pass book
every black adult
94
what was the method of the pass law
to gain control over the black majority in South Africa
95
what were the pass laws
- determined where black people could live and work
- determined the work they could do
- stated that a black adult was allowed to be in a particular city or area
96
when did a black person have to have their pass
all the time. all black people had to produce it instantly on demand of a policeman.
97
what happened if a black adult did not have their pass available
they were instantly arrested, prosecuted and fined or jailed
98
who were the two political organisations resisting apartheid
the ANC and the PAC
99
what did the ANC and the PAC do about the pass book
the organised anti-pass campaigns. the PAC orgaised a demontration
100
what did the PAC believe in
taking positive action against the pass laws
101
what did the PAC plan to do
lead a crowd of people to a local police station.
102
what would happen at the demonstration
men and woman would leave their pass books at home and demand arrest, this would flood the jails.
103
when was the sharpville massacre
21 march 1960
104
what did the police do in response to the protest
they opened fire on he people. at the end of the day around 69 people were dead and 180 wounded, most fo the people killed were shot in the back as they tried to flee
105
who was Philip Kgosana
he was a member of the PAC from pretoria. he was a student at the unversity of Capetown
106
how did kgosana meat local PAC members
the campus had no boarding facilities for black students, he went looking for accommodation in Langa where he met local PAC members who shared his political views. he failed his first year at university
107
what happened after the Sarpeville massacre
tensions mounted in the Cape Town African townships of Nyanga and Langa
108
what brought Cape Town industry to a standstill
and African Workers' strike
109
who were arrested
many ANC and PAC leaders
110
how did the police attempt to stop the strike
by breaking uinto houses in the townships, beating people, and shooting at those who attempted to escape.
111
what did people do in response to the brutality shown by the police
a march to Cape Town was organised
112
how many people were at the march
about 30 000 people, from Langa to the city center of Cape Town
113
what did the police chief promice to do
set up a meeting between Kgosana and the Minister o Justice, on condition that the marchers went home
114
what happened when Kgosana arrived at the meeting
he was arrested
115
what did kgosana do when he was allowed out on bail during christmas
he fled the country and began a life of exile
116
what became a turning point in South african history
the Sharpeville Massacre
117
what increased in South Africa after the Sharpeville Massacre
the repression in apartheid
118
what new law did the government pass
the Unlawful Organisations Act
119
what was the Unlawful Organistations act
the law banned two main resistance organisations: the ANC and the PAC
120
why did resistance agaisnst apartheid become violent
because people thought it was useless for the ANC and PAC to be using non-violence against the government when they responded back by attacking unarmed people
121
what did the ANC and PAC do when the unlawful organisations act was put into place
they formed and armed wing and continued to work underground and ilegaly. some members of the ANC and the PAC left the country to live in exile
122
what was the armed movement in the ANC known as
Umkhoto we Sizwe ( MK) or the spear of nation.
123
who was the armed movement of the ANC led by
Nelso Mandela
124
how many targets did MK attack, and who were they
200 non-human targets: government buildings, electricity pylons and other property
125
how long was Robert Subukwe in jail
3 years
126
what was the name of the PAC's armed wing
Poqo. it embarked on a violent sabatage campaign.
127
what was the difference between MK and Poqo
MK made an effort to avoid the loss of life, Poqo made no effort to avoid the loss of lives.
128
what happened to many of the Poqo members
they went into exile, and many were put on Robben island, while others where executed by hanging
129
what was arranged in protest against the policies of apartheid
a nationwide month of boycotting South African goods
130
where did people gather to start the boycott and condemn racial discrimination
in Tranfaglgar Square
131
what did some of the banners read
" apartheid is fascism "
| " apartheid is murder "
132
what was the general law amendment act
it was an act that allowed a police to detain people for 0 days without charging them and without allowing them access to a lawye. at the end of 90 days the police could re-arrest and re-detaun them for another 90 days
133
where were the detainees often he;d
in solitary confinement
134
where were the secret headquarters of MK
a farm called Liliesleaf, in johannesburg suburb called rivonia
135
what did the leadership of MK use as a hiding place and shelter
a house on the farm. they also held meetings and debated political and military tactics
136
when was liliesleaf farm raided by police
june 196. some of the leaders were arrested
137
what did the government do with MK members
they kept them in jail if they were suspected of political crimes. they were held in solitary confinement and could be held for 90 days
138
how were the white detainees punished
they were psychologically tortured
139
how were black detainees punished
they were physically tortured
140
was Nelson Mandela captured before or after the Rivonia raid
before. he had been sentenced for travelling outside South Africa without a passport.
141
where was Nelson Mandela at the time of the rivonia raid
he had been in prison for over 8 months
142
how did the ANC win worldwide support and attention
Nelson Mandela had a growing international reputation, the ANC used the trial to win worldwide support and attention
143
how many people were accused at the rivonia trial
11 including Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi, Ahmed Kathrada, Raymond Mhlaba, Denis Goldberg, Lionel Bernstein, Bob Hepple and James Kantor.
144
who was the state prosecutor
Dr Percy Yutar
145
what happened to the accused
of the eleven were sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to Robben Island. 3 others left the country
146
what did the police succeed in ding in 1964
ruthlessly crushing almost all of the internal resistance of the liberation movemnets
147
what made South Africa a police state
the new repressive laws that were passed
148
what happened short afer the rivonia trial
a new movemnet called the balack consciousness led to a renewed resistance, which exploded in Soweto
149
was Steve Biko at the Soweto Riots
no but his ideas inspired it
150
who was the BC movement led by
Steve Biko. he was inspired by some of Robert Sobukwe's ideas
151
what did BC encourage people to do
it encouraged black people to recognize their human dignity and self-worth
152
what was the BC movement
it was an understanding that black liberation would not only come from political changes, but also from psychological changes in the minds of the black people. to take real power, black people had to believe in themselves and the value of their blackness
153
could whites be members of the BC
no, but they could offer support and political change. blacks first had to gain pyscological, physical and political power for themselves before Bc became non-racial
154
who did Bike classify as Black South Africans
indians and coloureds
155
why could people from other political parties support its ideas
because BC was not an organisation, it was a movement
156
where did BC go
from university campuses into urban black township
157
what did Biko's banning mean
it meant that he could not speak to more than one person at a time, he was restricted to certain areas , he could not speak in public and it was illegal to quote anything he said in speeches or conversation, or mention him at all
158
what did Biko play a large role in inspiring
he played a large role in inspiring the student leaders of the protest, which led to the soweto uprising
159
why did school children go on a protest march
because afrikaans was being used as a medium of istruction, the children did not understand afrikaans and could not learn
160
in which subjects was afrikaans the medium of instruction
in arithmetic and social studies
161
what was the spark that started he Soweto uprising
the demonstration of afrikaans being used as a medium of instruction
162
what was wrong with the schools for black children
there was a shortage of classrooms , a lack of qualified teachers. the apartheid government spent more money on white education than the education for black children
163
what was the pupul-to-teacher ratio
7 pupils to 1 teacher
164
how much more money was spent of educating white children that black children
10 times more money was spend annually
165
how did people learn about the new ideas of the ANC
by listening to software radio broadcasts on Radio Freedom
166
what was Radio Freedom
it was a radio station broadcast from Tanzania
167
what two countries were white-ruled colonies
Angola and Mozambique were white-ruled Portuguese colonies
168
when did Angola and Mozambique become independent
1973 and 1974
169
what gave black South Africans a sense of optimism
the fact that countries with black majority ruled so close to South Africa's borders
170
did Mozambique and Angola support the freedom struggle against apartheid
yes
171
who coordinated the PAC underground
Zeph Mothopeng organised the PAC underground activities in many of the Witwatersrand townships
172
why was Mothopeng detained
he was charged and sentenced to 5 years in jail because he tried to overthrow the government. he was charged for having recruited and sent men out of the country for military training and being involved in the student unrest
173
how old was Mothopeng when he was sentenced to jail
66 years old
174
what was the meaning of Teboho Mashinini's nickname
his nickname was Tsietsi, which means 'trouble' or 'problems' in Sesotho
175
where did Mashinini go to school
at Morris Isaacson High
176
what were some characteristics of Mashinini
he was an exelent leader, a passionate reader, a hard-working student and the chairperson of the debating team at his school
177
who was Masinini's teacher
Abram Onkgopotse
178
who was Tiro
a BC leader, he had a large influence in developing Mashinini's political thinking
179
where did students meat on 13 June 1976. and how many students were there
500 soweto students met at Orlando Donaldson Community Hall
180
what did the students discuss at the community hall
they discussed ways to challenge their inferior Bantu Education.
181
what did the student deside to do about the inferior Bantu education
they decided to hold a peaceful protest march on 16 june against the introduction of afrikaans as a medium of instruction.
182
who was elected the leader of the peaceful protest
Mashinini
183
what is the SSRC
the Soweto Students Representative, Council
184
what happened to Mashinini after the march
he became the police's numer 1 target for arrest.
185
where did Mashinini go after the march
he fled to Botswana. he went into exile, and died in the city of Conakry, in Guinea. a month before he was due to return, his body was found and brought back to Soweto, where he was burried
186
what does Soweto stand for
South-West Townships
187
where is Soweto
in lies to the soth-west of Johannesburg
188
was the march peaceful
yes, it started off peaceful
