APCSP Vocab Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
Overflow
A
Error that occurs when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number
Ex. If one byte was used to store a piece of data and the piece of data was greater than 256, it would cause an overflow error
2
Q
Round-off
A
Error that occurs when the number of bits is not enough to reprsent the actual number
Ex. 3.14 (3 digits) used to represent pi
3
Q
Lossy
A
Compressing data in a way that loses some of the original data. The decompressed image is not the same as the original image
Ex. Sending a picture as a small file, resulting in lost resolution.
4
Q
Lossless
A
Compressing data in a way that preserves all data and allows full recovery of original image. When sending, the file is not as compressed as a lossy file would be
Ex. Text files, computer programs
5
Q
Metadata
A
Data about data
Ex. a camera storing location, shutter speed, and aperture for a digital photo
6
Q
Sequencing
A
The order in which steps in a code are performed (typically line by line)
7
Q
Selection
A
A boolean condition to determine which of two algorithmic paths are taken, if any
Usually if-statement
8
Q
Iteration
A
Using a looping control control structure to go through every item in a list
Usually for or while
9
Q
Reasonable Time
A
The number of steps an algorithm takes in the worst case based on input size is less than or equal to a polynomial function
(can’t increase superpolynomially like 2^n or n!)
10
Q
Not Reasonable Time
A
Usually exponential in the number of steps, like doubling every time your input grows by one
11
Q
Heuristic
A
Using a “rule” to guide an algorithm, like always walking toward the north star if you were stuck in a forest
Using heuristic problem solving allows an algorithm to find the best approximate solution from n! solutions
12
Q
Undecidable
A
A problem that is so difficult we can’t ever create an algorithm that would be able to answer yes or no for all inputs,
Ex. determining if a user’s program run on some input would always stop and not run forever
13
Q
Linear Search
A
Going one by one and examining each element in a list until the value is found
Ex. looking for a word in the dictionary
14
Q
Binary Search
A
Requires the list to be sorted in order. Then the list is cut in half and either the right or left side of the list is kept depending on the value of the element that is being searched for.
If a list is a certain length, then the number of times that list an be cut in half is the maximum number of times the list can be searched to find a certain value.
If there are more ways to search, the list is cut more times (like looking for a spot on a grid based off a current location, listwould be cut in four)
15
Q
API’s
A
Application Programming Interface
APIs allow developers to sync data between multiple platforms and can facilitate communication among the various microservices in web applications.
16
Q
Citizen Science
A
Lots of people to help with a scientific project
Ex. asking everyone around the world to count the butterflies they see in one day.
17
Q
Cloud Computing
A
Using distributed calculations and/or storage for big data or a web application
18
Q
Crowdsourcing
A
Asking lots of users to help with something
Ex. funding a projects, running SETI@Home to look for extraterrestrial signals
18
Q
Creative Commons
A
An alternative to copyright that allows people to declare how they want their artistic creation to be shared, remixed, used in noncommercial contexts, and how the policy should propogate with remixed versions.
19
Q
Open Access
A
A policy that allows people to have read access to things
Ex. libraries or online data
20
Q
Moore’s Law
A
The number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years
21
Q
Peer-to-Peer Networks
A
A system where one user’s computer connects through the internet to another user’s computer without going through an intermediary “centralized” computer to manage the connection
22
Q
Digital Divide
A
The idea that some commuities/populations have less access to computing than others
23
Q
ISP
A
Internet Service Provider
A company that provides access to the internet.
24
How does internet communication arrive at its destination?
Speech on the internet goes from the source to an ISP, into the cloud, out of the cloud, to another ISP, and to its destination
25
How can the government control speech on the internet?
1.) It can try to control the speaker or the speaker's ISP by criminalizing certain kinds of speech (this won't work is the speaker isn't in the same country as the listener)
2.) It can try to control the listener by prohibiting posession of certain kinds of materials. In the U.S., possession of copyrighted software w/out appropriate liscensing is illegal, as is possession of other copyrighted material w/ the intent to profit from redistributing it
3.) The government can try to control the intermediaries
26
How can internet posters evade being convicted for defamation/slander on the web?
The poster could evade responsibility as long as they remain ananymous, which can easily be done on the internet
27
What has congress given ISP's relating to an Internet Defamation case?
Congress had given the ISP's a complete waiver of responsibility for the consequences of false and damaging statements, even when the ISP knew they were false
28
Internet Protocol Hourglass
Each protocol interfaces only to those in the layer immediatelly above and below it, and all data is turned into IP bit packets in order to pass from an application to one of the physical media that make up the network.
- email, web, phone
- SMTP, HTTPP
- TCP, UDP
- IP
- wire, fiber, radio
29
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
Guaranteed reliable transmissions by breaking messages into packets, keeping track of which packets have been recieved successfully, resending any that have been lost, and specifying the order for reassembling the data on the other end
30
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
-Provides timely but less reliable message delivery
31
HTTP
HyperText Transport Protocol
-used for sending and receiving web pages
32
SMTP
Simple Mail Transport Protocol
-Used for sending email
33
What does "end to end" mean in regard to the internet
"End-to-end" in the internet, means that the switches making up the core of the network should be dumb-optimized to carry out their single limited function of passing packets.
34
RFC
Request for Comment
-Standards adopted through a remarkable process of consensus-building, nohieraechial in the extreme. Someone posts a proposal, and a cycle of comment and revision, or buy-in and objection, eventually coverges on something useful, if not universally regarded as perfect
35
Shortcut for going from binary to hexadecimal
-To translate a binary numeral (like 1101011101) to hexadecimal, start by splitting it into groups of four bits, from left to right (like this: 11 0101 1101)
Then determine the value of each group and write the corresponding hex digit
36
Internet
A network of independent but connected devices all over the world
37
World Wide Web
The collection of interlinked website documents (such as HTML files) that you can view with a web browser by typing addresses like
http://bjc.berkely.edu/website/privacy.html.
The collection of web pages that you view when you are online on a computer or other device.
38
HTML
Hypertext markup language
Most web pages are written with________
39
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
An address for accessing specific wevb data located on a server
40
Server
A computer hosting data for other to access
41
Protocol
The standard for communication between browsers and servers (usually "http" or "https")
Sometimes not visible in browsers like Google Chrome
42
Domain Name
The name of the server that hosts the data (bjc.berkeley.edu)
43
Path
The location of the data in a hierarchy of folders on the server
44
Protocols
Standards for communication
45
IP
Internet Protocol
An addressing system that finds paths to distant computers
Specifies how a router handles a request for another IP address
46
Redundant
There are multiple pathways among the physical connections of the internet to create redundancy. Even if one pathway is unavailable, there is still another way to transmit a message from a sender to receiver.
47
Hierarchial
There are two ___________ internet addressing systems: domain names and IP addresses. These address ____________ works much like the postal system, which locates people first by state, then city, then street, then house number, then apartment, and then finally person.
48
Fault Tolerance
Ability to work around problems
49
Scalability
The ability f the net to keep working even as the size of the network and the amount of traffic over the network increase
50
Virus
A kind of malware that tries to spread itself over the network to other computers
51
Antivirus Software
Helps protect against virus attacks
52
Phising
An attacker send you an email that appears to be from some official organiziation (like a bank) and tricks you into giving info to them (like a bank password)
53
DDoS
Distributed Denial of Service
-Consists of sending a lot of requests to a server at the same time. This can overload the server's network bandwidth
-Causes a temporary inability to reach the targeted server so other users of that server are denied service
54
Which protocols are used to keep secure HTTP connections
Transport Layer Security (TLS) or maybe even an older version called Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). With these protocols, the site you are visiting sends its public key, and your browser uses it to encrypt the info you send.
55
Certificate Authorities
Used by many websites for encryption to protect files and info that is transmitted over the internet. They issue certificates to verify the identity of a user or computer.
56
Public IP Address
The IP address that is logged by various servers/devices when you connect to them through you internet connection.
57
Private IP Address
An IP address that's reserved for internal use behind a router or other Network Address Translation (NAT) device, apart from the public
58
IP v4
This adress is big enough to support 2^32 computers. That's about 4 billion (4^109), but there are more than seven billion people on Earth, so there aren't enough IP addrresses to go around. Each of the four numbers in a typical IP address today is an eight-bit byte with a value between 0 and 255.
59
IP v6
The long-term solution is to increase the length of an IP address. The new IP addresses are 128 bits wide, which is enough to support 2^128 computers
60
Routers
The "connection points" of the internet. Networking devices that route traffic between subnetworks on the internet.
61
Packets
When you send a message over the internet, your computer divides it into small chunks, called _______ that it sends individually, each on its own path. A ________ can include any kind of data: text, numbers, lists, etc.
62
Packet Switching Network
A diggital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data into suitably sized blocks, called packets, which are transmitted via a medium that may be shared by multiple simultaneous communication sessions.
Ex. Internet
63
Hierarchy of Abstractions
Manages complexity of finternet by hiding the details of lower levels of the system. The highest level of abstraction includes the most general features of the internet that have to work the same across all devices. At lower levels of abstraction, things get more device-specific.
64
Application Layer Protocols
The highest level of abstraction because they manage how data is interpreted and displayed to users. These protocols give meaning to the bits sent by lower-level protocols; user and server computers must agree on what the bits mean, and application protocols (like HTTP) offer this.
65
Transport Layer Protocols
Manage the breakdown of a message into packets to be transmitted by lower level protocols and the reconstruction of the message from the packets upon arrival
66
Internet Layer Protocols
Manage the pathways that the data packets travel across networks. These protocols treat the internet like one large network even though the physical reality on the lower level is one of many tiny subnetworks.
67
Networrk Interface Hardware
Also known as Link Layer
All Internet devices connect through a physical interface that uses a protocol to manage the connection to the local network. These local protocols are the least abstract because they deal directly with your physical hardware.
68
DNS
Domain Name System
The hierarchial addressing protocol that is human-readable
69
Who is in charge of the internet?
The computers on the internet and the connections among them don't belong to any one oranization
70
ICANN
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Controls the DNS hierarchy and the allocation of IP addresses
71
For how long has the U.S. dominated the internet and why?
The U.S. has "controlled" the Internet up until 2009. The Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) first developed the Internet in 1969.
72
Open Protocols
Standards that are not owned by a company
73
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force alongside the Internet Society oversee internet protocols
74
What does the internet rely on to operate properly?
The internet relies on the cooperation of many different elements
75
Firewall
Used to limit the kinds of connections (HTTP requests, incoming mail, etc) outsiders can make to your computer
76
Cipher
The set of rules your are using to encode the info
77
Key
What tells you how to arrange cipher's rules. _______ is applied using an algorithm to a string or block of unencrypted text to produce encrypted.
78
Deciphering
Analyzing the code and working back from it
79
Monoalphabetic Cipher
A class of ciphers where thhe code is based on one letter of the alphabet standing for another letter consistently throughout the message
80
Brute Force
Trying all the possible ways to crack a code
81
Frequency Analysis
Based on the idea that every linaguage has its own specific patterns. The study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
82
Crib
Words, letters, and phrases that are so common that it is hard to form a sentence without them
Ex. e and the
83
Polyalphabetic Cipher
The way you scramble the alphabet actually changes throughout the message
Ex. Vigenere cipher
84
Vingenere Square
Alphabet goes up on the top and also to the side in order to help write a code.
85
How can you crack Vigenere cipher?
By using a type of frequency analysis by Charles Babbage. Babbage realized that some patterns in a long message may still show up and he counted how many letters separated those repeated patterns.
86
One Time Pad Encryption
Only way to create an unbreakable cipher. Uses the key that is as long as the message itself. Once a sheet is used for a message, you destroy it. Then you use the next sheet for the next message so you never repeat a key. As long as you keep the pad safe, no one can ever decrypt the message.
87
The Enigma Machine
An example of a one time pad encryption device.
88
The British Bombe
Device developed by Alan Turing used by the British military to crack the enigma machine. As long as this device kenw 20 characters of the message, it could crack the code.
89
Prime Number
Numbers only divisible by themselves and one. Very useful for internet securiy because of this trait.
90
Public Key
A code that is available for anyone to use.
91
Private Key
A code that must remain confidential to its respective owner.
92
How does Public Key/ Private Key Cryptography work?
Example: If Bob wants to send sensitive data to Alice, and wants to be sure that only Alice may be able to read it, he will encrypt the data with Alice's Public Key. Only Alice has access to her corresponding Private Key and as a result is the only person with the capability of decrypting the encrypted data back into its original form. As only Alice has access to her Private Key, it is possible that only Alice can decrypt the encrypted data. Even if someone else gains access to the encrypted data, it will remain confidential as they should not have access to Alice's Private Key.
93
Encryption
Works by converting information or data into a language that cannot be understood in one glance. Usually, the information is sent to a person who can decrypt it using a key only they have access, keeping the information's privacy intact.
94
Three Principles of Encryption
1.) Authentication
2.) Integrity
3.) Non-Repudation
95
Authentication
Helps to verify that original author of the code is what he or she claims to be
96
Integrity
Essential towards maintaining the privacy of the message because it must be known that the message was not tampered with in any way, shape, or form
97
Non-Repudation
Where the user sends a message to another person but later denies he or she actually sent the message, causing confusion and bringing the integrity of the message into question
98
Three types of encryption?
1.) Secret key cryptography
2.) Public key cryptography
3.) Hash function
99
Secret Key Cryptography
Where a single key is sent with the message to another user for the receiver to decode the message.
100
Public Key Cryptography
Where the user has a public key that he or she uses to encrypt the message to send to the receiver who will then use his or her private key to decode the message.
101
Hash Function
Types of systems where the user sends a plain text message to another user without a key. They are usually generated based on the message which helps determine whether the integrity of the message has been tampered.
102
Diffie-Hellman-Merkle Method
A method of secret key agreement that makes secret key distribution much easier.
103
How does the Diffie-Hellman-Merkle Method work?
In Diffie-Hellman, Alice and Bob make the shared secret key, online, together, in full view of any other eavesdropper. The breakthrough allows Alice and Bob to openly exchange some Diffie-Hellman numbers. In private, they use each other's DH numbers, their secret random numbers, and the DH method to agree on the same secret key. Although the eavesdropper knows the DH method and copies Alice and Bob's conversation, he cannot figure out Alice and Bob's agreed-on secret key.
104
What are some problems of the Diffie-Hellman-Merkle Method
1.) Lack of authentication
2.) Failing to provide a versatile means for secret key exchange
105
Caesar Cipher
Also known as a shift cipher, is one of the simplest forms of encryption. It is a substitution cipher where each letter in the original message (called the plaintext) is replaced with a letter corresponding to a certain number of letters up or down in the alphabet.
106
AND
A Boolean operator. Both must be true in order for it to evaluate to true.
107
OR
A Boolean operator. One or the other must be true in order for it to evaluate to true.
108
NOT
A Boolean operator. Evaluates to true if input is false.
109
Boolean Expression
an expression that results in a __________ value, that is, in a value of either true or false.
110
Composition of Functions
An act or mechanism to combine simple functions to build more complicated ones.
111
Conditional Statement
Set of rules performed if a certain condition is met
112
Data Type
A classification of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data. Examples include : real, integer, float (decimal point number)
113
Debugging
A multi-step process that involves identifying a problem, isolating the source of the problem, and then either correcting the problem or determining a way to work around it. The final step of ______________ is to test the correction or workaround and make sure it works.
114
Default Value
What the code is set to when it is started.
115
If () Clause
Keep Checking:
If this is true, then do this
116
If ()...Else Clause
Keep Checking:
If this is true, then do this. If not, then do this
117
Input Type
Set up variables to take a specific ________ ________.
118
Lists
Reports a newly created _________ with the given items.
The _______ items can be anything: text, numbers, blocks, scripts, and even other ______.
119
Mathematical Expression
Numbers, symbols and operators (such as + and ×) grouped together that show the value of something.
120
Nested IF Statements
If you need to test for more than one condition, then take one of several actions, depending on the result of the tests, you can nest multiple IF statements together in one formula.
121
Predicate
A ________ is a special kind of reporter that always reports true or false. ________ have a hexagonal shape. The special shape is a reminder that ______________ don't generally make sense in an input slot of blocks that are expecting a number or text.
122
Reporter Block
Has an oval shape. It is called a " ______ " because when it's run, instead of carrying out an action, it reports a value that can be used as an input to another block.
123
Script Variable
Used when you only need a variable temporarily, during the running of a particular script. You can use ____ ________ block to make the variable. Example : for loop, the (length) only works inside the for loop
124
() < ()
An Operators block and a Boolean block. The block checks if the first value is less than the other value. If it is greater, the block returns true; if not, it returns false.
125
() = ()
An Operators block and a Boolean block. The block checks if the first value is equal to the other value. If the values are equal, the block returns true; if not, false. This block is not case-sensitive.
126
() > ()
an Operators block and a Boolean block. The block checks if the first value is greater than the other value. If it is less, the block returns true; if not, it returns false.
127
() and ()
An Operators block and a Boolean block. The block joins two boolean blocks so they both have to be true to return true. If they are both true, the block returns true; if they are not all true or none true, it returns false.
128
() mod ()
Finds the remainder after division of one number by another
129
() or ()
An Operators block and a Boolean block. The block joins two boolean blocks so any one of them can be true to return true — if at least one of them is true, the block returns true; if neither of them are true, it returns false.
This block can be stacked inside itself — this can be used to fit more booleans in.
130
Abs ()
Takes the ___________ ___________ of a number. The distance the number is away from zero. It is always positive.
131
Ceiling of ()
Rounding up
132
FALSE
Reported input is false
133
Floor of ()
Rounding down
134
Join words () >
An Operators block and a Reporter block. The block concatenates, or "links" the two values together and reports the result
Example : print "This is my" + " " + variable + " " + "class."
135
Not ()
An Operators block and a Boolean block. The block checks if the boolean inside it is false — if it is false, the block returns true; if the condition is true, it returns false.
136
Report ()
Reporters that report Boolean (true or false) values.
137
Script Variables
Used when you only need a variable temporarily, during the running of a particular script. You can use ____ ________ block to make the variable.
138
Set (variable name) to (value)
Variables block and a Stack block. The block will set the specified variable to the given value: a string or number.
Example : Set (score) to (0)
139
Touching ()?
A Sensing block and a Boolean block. The block checks if its sprite is touching the mouse-pointer, edge, or another sprite (a Reporter block holding the sprite's name can be used). If the sprite is touching the selected object, the block returns true; if it is not, it returns false.
140
TRUE
Reported input is true
141
Unicode () as letter
Reports the letter with a given code.
Letters and other characters are represented inside the computer using a numeric code called Unicode. Unicode can represent the characters of all human languages, plus many non-letter symbols.
142
Unicode of ()
Reports the Unicode value of a letter.
Letters and other characters are represented inside the computer using a numeric code called Unicode. Type or paste a single character into the input to get its Unicode number.
143
T and T equals
T
144
T and F equals
F
145
F and T equals
F
146
F and F equals
F
147
T or T equals
T
148
T or F equals
T
149
F or T equals
T
150
F or F equals
F
151
Why is the use of variables, script variables, and input variables important?
Because important information can be maintained and referenced. They can symbolically represent anything from numbers to words which can be helpful when programming in Snap.
152
Why is abstraction important?
It eliminates the details and condenses it down to one line of code.
153
Why is it useful to specify the type of input that a block is expected to receive?
So the function does not result in an error or does not work in the way the user intended it.
154
Logical Error or Semantic Error
You are not logically setting up the program to process correctly.
155
Algorithm
A standard way to perform an operation
156
Tip for Debugging Code
Put a wait after every command
157
Computer
a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and processes data; an electronic machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software program.
158
Central Processing Unit
part of the computer that processes data and allows the computer to "think." Sometimes referred to as a "computer chip".
159
Memory
How a computer stores data
160
Bits
Represent data-a single character
161
Byte
8 bits
162
Random Access Memory
short-term memory that computers use to cache temporary data that they can access quickly; data that gets constantly deleted or over-written.
163
Storage
long-term memory that computers use to store data files or other more permanent pieces of information that a user would expect to be able to access consistently.
164
Input
any part of a computer that can take information from the outside world and input it into the computer (i.e., keyboard, mouse, camera).
165
Output
parts of a computer that can output information to the outside world (i.e., display screen, printer, speakers).
166
Hardware
The physical parts of a computer
167
Software
set of instructions or commands that tell the computer what to do.
168
System Software
low-level software that interacts directly with the computer hardware, often called Operating System (OS) software (i.e., Windows, MacOS, Linux).
169
Application Software
higher-level software usually specialized in doing a particular task (i.e., Minecraft, Microsoft Word, banking website).
170
Computing Innovation
something that includes a program as an integral part of its function; it can be physical (e.g., self-driving car), nonphysical computing software (e.g., picture editing software), or a nonphysical computing concept (e.g., e-commerce
171
Decomposition
the ability to break a larger problem down into smaller parts.
172
Pattern Recognition
when you observe similarities and patterns within problems.
173
Abstraction
when you identify what defines the patterns you see, focus on the important information, and derive general rules and concepts that can be applied in other areas (carving out the relevant from the irrelevant).
174
Variable
An abstraction inside a program that can hold a value. It has associated data storage that represents one value at a time, but it can be a list or other collection that in turn contains multiple values.
175
Algorithm
a finite set of instructions that accomplish a specific task.
176
Algorithmic Thinking
when you develop a step-by-step plan, or the rules to follow, to solve a problem.
177
Program
- a collection of computer commands that perform a specific task when run by a computer; often referred to as software.
178
Code Segment
a group of programming statements that is part of a program.
179
Behavior
how a program functions during execution; often described by how a user interacts with it.
180
Program Inputs
data sent to a computer for processing by a program; it can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile, audio, visual, or text inputs.
181
Program Outputs
- any data sent from a program to a device; can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile, audio, visual, or text.
182
Sprite
any object in a game that has properties (i.e., position, velocity) and behaviors (i.e., it can move, it has effects).
183
Event
an occurrence; things that happen, usually associated with an action (i.e., mouse click, button pressed).
184
Event Handler
- a part of code that 'handles' or listens for a specific type of event; when that event occurs, the code inside the event handler is run.
185
Analog
change is smooth over time like a wave vs Digital an analog signal broken into steps or pieces.
186
Lossy Compression
decreases file size and resolution.
187
Lossless Compression
decreases file size while retaining the original resolution.
188
Algorithm
a finite set of instructions that accomplish a specific task.
189
Code Statement
a part of program code that expresses an action to be carried out.
190
Expression
can consist of a value, a variable, an operator, or a procedure call that returns a value; expressions are evaluated to produce a single value.
191
Execute
the process of running a computer software program, script, or command.
192
Behavior
how a program functions during execution; often described by how a user interacts with it.
193
Program Inputs
data sent to a computer for processing by a program; it can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile, audio, visual, or text.
194
Program Outputs
any data sent from a program to a device; can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile, audio, visual, or text.
195
Event
- an occurrence; things that happen; usually associated with an action (i.e., mouse click, button pressed).
196
Event Handler
- a part of code that 'handles' or listens for a specific type of event; when that event occurs, the code inside the event handler is run.
197
Program Documentation
- a written description of the function of a code segment, event, procedure, or program and how it was developed.
198
Comments
- a form of program documentation written into the program that helps explain what the code is doing. Comments in a program do not affect how a program runs.
199
Logic Error
a mistake in the algorithm or program that causes it to behave incorrectly or unexpectedly.
200
Syntax Error
a mistake in the program where the rules of the programming language are not followed.
201
Run-time error
a mistake in the program that occurs during the execution of a program; programming languages define their own run-time errors.
202
Overflow Error
an error that occurs when a computer attempts to handle a number that is outside of the defined range of values.
203
Roundoff Error
- Decimals are rounded inconsistently.
204
Testing
using defined inputs to ensure that an algorithm or program is producing the expected outcomes, in the development process.
205
Sequencing
the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the code statements are given.
206
Selection
determines which part of an algorithm are executed based on a condition being true or false.
207
Nested Conditional Statement
consist of conditional statements within conditional statements.
208
Iteration
a repeating portion of an algorithm; iteration repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
209
Variable
an abstraction inside a program that can hold a value. Each variable has associated data storage that represents one value at a time, but that value can be an array/list or other collection that in turn contains multiple values.
210
Variable Types
some programming languages provide types to represent data. These types include numbers, Booleans, arrays/lists, and strings.
211
Element
an individual value in an array/list that is assigned a unique index.
212
Index
a common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using natural numbers.
213
String
An ordered sequence of characters
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String Concatenation
- joins together two or more strings end-to-end to make a new string.
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Substring
part of an existing string.
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Boolean Value
a variable that is either true or false.
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Data Abstraction
provides a separation between the abstract properties of a data type and the concrete details of its representation; manages complexity in programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation.
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Big Data
Broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate. Spatial-temporal pattern recognition. patterns that occur in a wide range of natural phenomena and are characterized by a spatial and a temporal patterning.
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Whaling
Whaling is a type of phishing attack which targets high-profile individuals rather than everyday people. An example of a high-profile person would be a CEO of a company. The goal of this type of attack is to gain access to high-level data or classified information.
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Spear Phishing
With spear phishing, an attacker must have prior information about their victim such as their full name, phone number, address and so on. Spear phishing can take place through email, text messages or phone calls. During this type of attack, the victim is easily convinced because the attacker has information about them that makes them sound legitimate and trustworthy.
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Angler Phishing
Angler phishing is when an attacker poses as a Customer Service Representative (CSR) in an attempt to convince the victim to disclose their personal information. Since the victim believes it’s a legitimate CSR, they give out their information with no hesitation.
