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APES 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy can be converted un form, but nit created nor destroyed

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2
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can not created nor destroyed

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3
Q

where do detritivores get their energy

A

consuming dead organism matter

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4
Q

how is power measured

A

in watts

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5
Q

1 watt = ____ joule(s)/sec

A

1

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6
Q

1 kilowatt = ______ joules

A

1000

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7
Q

what is Btu

A

unit of energy used in the U.S.
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit

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8
Q

1 horsepower = _____ watts

A

746

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9
Q

what is a kWh used to measure

A

Kilowatt hour is a unit of power used to measure energy used at a given moment

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10
Q

kilo =

A

1,000 or 10^3

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11
Q

mega =

A

1,000,000 or 10^6

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12
Q

convergent evolution

A

when two unrelated species have evolved similar structures to take advantage of a niche in their ecosystem

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13
Q

what is peat & how is it formed

A

the accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter
forms when plant material does not fully decay in acidic & anaerobic conditions

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14
Q

where is peat found

A

wetlands (bogs & swamps)

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15
Q

most effective carbon sink on the planet

A

peat (bogs & swamps)

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16
Q

how is coal formed

A

when dead plant matter decays into peat & is then converted into coal by the heat & pressure of deep burial over millions of years

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17
Q

lignite coal & what is it used for

A

often called brown coal; most harmful to human health & used as a primary fuel for electric power generation

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18
Q

brown coal is also known as…

A

lignite

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19
Q

most harmful type of coal to human health

A

lignite

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20
Q

what is it bituminous coal used for

A

used as a fuel in steam-electric power generation

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21
Q

what is it anthracite coal used for

A

residential & commercial space heating

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22
Q

largest producer of coal

A

china

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23
Q

country with the largest coal reserves

A

United States

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24
Q

coal supplies ___% of the world’s energy

A

25%

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25
what are some pollutants released into the air when coal is burned
carbon dioxide nitrous oxides (NOx) sulfur oxides (SOx) particulates (PM) heavy metals
26
scrubbers
systems that inject chemicals into a dirty exhaust stream to "wash out" acidic gases. Scrubbers can also be used to reduce SOx & particulates from burning coal
27
sorbents
activated charcoal, calcium compounds, or silicates that can convert gaseous pollutants in the smokestacks, such as mercury, into compounds that can then be collected with bathhouse filters, electrostatic precipitation, or scrubbers
28
carbon capture & storage (CCS)
pumps & stores CO2 underground
29
clean coal
technology that attempts to mitigate emissions of carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gases that arise from the burning of coal for electrical power
30
what is natural gas
methane (CH4)
31
how is natural gas formed
when layers of buried plants & gases are exposed to intense heat & pressure over thousands of years
32
what releases the most methane emissions
agriculture (livestock)
33
natural gas supplies ___% of the world's current energy needs
30%
34
how is oil formed
decomposition of deeply buried organic material (plants) under high temperatures & pressures for millions of years
35
petrochemicals
compounds derived from oil used in paints, drugs, plastics
36
main energy source for the U.S.
oil
37
cogeneration
aka combined heat & power (CHP) technology used to generate electricity & heat simultaneously at local facilities; otherwise heat produced from electricity generation is wasted
38
country with the highest production of renewable energy
china
39
law of supply
as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services that suppliers offer will increase
40
law of demand
if the price of something increases, it has a lower demand
41
oil shale
organic-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rock containing a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds (kerogen) from which liquid hydrocarbons (shale oil) can be produced
42
methane hydrates
methane locked in ice
43
80% of the world's shale oil is found where
in the U.S. (Wyoming's Green River Foundation)
44
in situ oil shale extraction
oil shale is not mined or crushed. It is heated while it is still underground, where various components are separated & extracted
45
ex situ oil shale extraction
oil shale is first extracted from earth by surface or underground mining. Rock is then crushed or heated to release the shale oil
46
synfuels
any fuel produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass through chemical conversion can produce gasoline, diesel, or kerosene directly
47
bitumen
a semi-solid oil that does not flow
48
tar sands
contain bitumen 2/3 of the world's total oil reserves
49
country with the most tar sands
canada
50
combustion of fossil fuels formula
fossil fuel + oxygen gas (O2) --> Carbon dioxide (CO2) + water + energy
51
steps involved from fuels to electricity
1. extracting thermal energy from the fuel & using it to raise steam 2. converting the thermal energy of the steam to kinetic energy in the turbine 3. using a rotary generator to convert the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy
52
what country produces the most nuclear power
the U.S.
53
nuclear fission
an atom splits & the reaction gives off heat which is used to produce steam that turns generators that then produce electricity
54
difference between U-235 & U-238
U-235 can produce a fission chain (self-sustaining) reaction
55
critical mass
the minimum amount of U-235 required for a chain reaction
56
most common isotope of uranium
U-238
57
how is Pu-239 produced
in breeder reactors from U-238
58
what country produces the highest percentage of its energy from nuclear reactors
france
59
control rods
in nuclear plants that move in & out of the core to absorb neutrons & slow down the reaction
60
Fukushima-Daiichi
nuclear reactor accident
61
Three Mile Island
nuclear reactor accident
62
biomass
biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms that can be burned in large incinerators to create steam that is used for generating electricity
63
___% of the world's renewable energy supply is derived from biomass
50%
64
biogas
anaerobic digestion where microorganisms break down biodegradable material to produce methane gas which is then burned to produce energy
65
biofuel
liquid fuel produced from living organisms ex. ethanol
66
example of a biofuel
ethanil
67
which country most commonly uses biofuel
the U.S.
68
is biofuel a renewable resource
yes
69
passive solar heating design
doesnt include any type of mechanical heating device
70
active solar heating system
generates more heat than passive systems & relies on solar collectors, solar storage systems, & a heat transfer system
71
which continent uses the most solar energy
asia
72
is hydrogen fuel a renewable energy source
no
73
do hydrogen fuel cells run out
no
74
waste product of hydrogen fuel cells
pure water
75
country with the largest wind energy
china
76
OPEC
organization of petroleum exporting countries
77
nuclear fusion
conversion of nuclear energy to heat energy used by the sun produces helium
78
What is enriched uranuum
Uranium that has a higher proportion of U-235 nuclei than normal

APES (5 decks)

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