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APES > APES 7,8, & 9 > Flashcards

APES 7,8, & 9 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

most common form of expressing pollutants

A

ppm

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2
Q

what are the six criteria air pollutants

A

ozone (O3)
particulate matter (PM)
carbon monoxide (CO)
lead (Pb)
Sulfure dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

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3
Q

gray smog

A

sulfur-based industrial smog

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4
Q

carbon monoxide sources

A

incomplete combustion of fuels
natural: volcanoes, fires

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5
Q

lead sources

A

paint chips
smelting of metals

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6
Q

NOx sources

A

automobiles
burning of fossil fuels

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7
Q

NOx gases react to form what two things

A

acid rain
tropospheric ozone

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8
Q

what forms photochemical smog

A

NOx & VOCs reacting in the presence of sunlight

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9
Q

VOCs stand for…

A

volatile organic compounds

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10
Q

two ways that ozone is produced

A

UV reacting with NOx (released by vehicles) which causes oxygen atoms to react with O2 gas, resulting in ozone
VOCs react with NOx to produce PANs & O3

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11
Q

PANs

A

peroxyacyl nitrates
secondary pollutants that form in the atmosphere

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12
Q

how are PANs produced

A

VOCs reacting with NOx in the atmosphere

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13
Q

sulfur oxides (SOx) sources

A

burning of fossil fuels
motor vehicles
natural: volcanoes, marshes, forest fires

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14
Q

how to reduce SO2

A

washing coal, using scrubbers

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15
Q

PMx sources

A

burning of fossil fuels
incineration of wastes
soil erosion (desertification, deforestation)
vehicle exhaust
natural: dust storms, fires, volcanoes

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16
Q

the smaller & lighter the PMx particle, the (shorter/longer) it will stay in the air

A

longer

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17
Q

what can contribute to sick building syndrome

A

VOCs

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18
Q

thermal inversion layers vs normal layer

A

cool air - warm air - cold air
warmer air - cooler air - cold air

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19
Q

thermal inversion commonly occurs when: (morning/night)

A

night

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20
Q

a permanent inversion layer occurs where

A

over Antarctica

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21
Q

SBS stands for…

A

sick building syndrome

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22
Q

asbestos

A

indoor air pollutant

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23
Q

most common type of fatal indoor air poisoning

A

carbon monoxide

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24
Q

effects of breathing in CO

A

carbon monoxide easily combines with hemoglobin to block the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

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25
formaldehyde
indoor air pollutant
26
what do POPs stand for
persistent organic pollutants
27
example of a POP
radon
28
radon
indoor air pollutant often beneath buildings or in building material
29
tobacco smoke
indoor air pollutant
30
catalytic converter
exhaust emission control device that converts toxic chemicals in the exhaust of an internal-combustion engine into less harmful substances
31
downside of a catalytic converter
do not reduce CO2 emissions & release N2O (nitrous oxides)
32
clean air act
designer to control air pollution
33
dry deposition
in areas where weather is dry, chemicals in the air may be incorporated into dust & smoke and stick to the ground, buildings, cars, trees & then be washed from these surfaces, leading to acidic runoff.
34
wet deposition is also known as
acid rain
35
how is acid rain formed due to sulfur dioxide (SO2)
SO2 is introduced into the atmosphere where it combines with water vapor (H2O). This produced sulfurous acid which combines with oxygen to form sulfuric acid (acid rain)
36
how is acid rain formed due to nitrous dioxide (NO2)
NO2 combines with water vapor to produce nitric acid
37
thermal pollution
the degradation of water quality by any process that changes water temperature
38
highest source of ocean pollutants
sewage
39
epiphytes
organisms that grow on other organisms but do not harm or benefit the host.
40
cultural eutrophication
human activity increases the amount of nutrients entering surface waters
41
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
system of rotating ocean currents of marine litter & is characterized by floating plastics, chemicals, & other debris
42
Gulf of Mexico deadzone is a result of what
excess nutrients from the Mississippi River results in stratification (warm & cold water) prevents the mixing of oxygen-rich with oxygen-poor water `
43
what is the effect of heat produced by industry & power plants discharging into water ways
reduces the water's ability to hold oxygen & kills organisms that cannot tolerate heat/low-oxygen levels
44
___% of people in the U.S. depend on groundwater
50%
45
what are POPs
chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT) organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation. Affect the nervous system of pests as pesticides
46
adsorption
when one substance just hangs on to the outside of another
47
flocculation sedimentation
process that combines small particles into larger particles that then settle out the water as sediment
48
at what temperature is fresh water most dense
4 degrees Celsius 40 degrees F
49
mangrove
shrub or small tree that grows in brackish water. Mangroves evolved a salt filtration system
50
how is brackish water formed
seawater mixing with freshwater in estuaries
51
thermal shock
when water is used as a coolant & returns to its natural source at a higher temperature (also containing less oxygen, since warmer water cant hold much oxygen) affects organisms
52
an aquatic system with 0% dissolved oxygen is called...
anaerobic
53
DO concentrations of 1-30% is called
hypoxic
54
healthy aquatic system has a DO percentage of..
more than 80%
55
aquatic plant growth rates are increased by (colder/warmer) water
warmer leads to short life spans, overpopulation, algae blooms (which leads to reduced DO concentrations)
56
resource conservation & recovery act (RCRA)
encouraged states to develop plans to manage industrial solid & municipal wastes. Set criteria for landfills & disposable facilities
57
comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act (CERCLA-SUPERFUND)
provided authority for the federal government to respond to releases of possible hazardous substances. Established rules for closed & abandoned hazardous waste cities & created a trust fund for cleanup if responsible parties for contaminated sites could not be located
58
municipal solid waste
trash or garbage
59
teratogens
substances found in the environment that cause birth defects
60
reactive wastes
wastes that are unstable under normal conditions
61
landfill capping
containment technology that forms a barrier between the contaminated media & the surface
62
brownfield
land previously used for industrial or commercial purposes (may have been contaminated with hazardous wastes). Cleaned up land use for housing, retail, or industrial uses again
63
closed-loop recycling
waste is used to make the same product
64
open-loop recycling
waste is used to make a new product
65
septic system process
underground tank & drain field wastewater enters a tank to allow solids to settle while anaerobic bacteria digests the settled solids. The excess liquid leaves the tank & moves through a pipe to a leach field where the water percolates into the soil
66
LD50
dose required to kill half of the members of a tested population after a specific time
67
threshold dose level
the point at which toxicity first appears
68
acute health effects
caused by rapid, severe, & sudden exposures to a substance single large exposure
69
chronic health effects
caused by prolonged & repeated exposures over time symptoms may not immediately be apparent
70
mesothelioma
cancer found in lining around the lungs, stomach, heart, or testicles caused by exposure of asbestos
71
cholera
acute disease with watery diarrhea caused by ingestion of food/water contaminated with a specific bacterium
72
plague
caused by bacteria
73
malaria
caused by a parasite through the bites of infected female mosquitos
74
MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)
illness caused by a virus
75
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
caused by a coronavirus
76
the ozone is thicker in the (spring/fall) and thinner in the (spring/fall)
spring, fall
77
during which season does ozone depletion occur
winter
78
what causes ozone depletion
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or halocarbons (halons)
79
what do chlorofluorocarbons contain
chorine fluorine carbon
80
where do chlorofluorocarbons come from
aerosol sprays, solvents, refrigerants (air conditioners)
81
primary source of N2O emissions
fertilizer
82
sequestration
storage
83
kyoto protocol
plan created by the UN to reduce the effects of climate change. U.S. initially agreed but then rejected it
84
doha amendment to the Kyoto protocol
participating countries committed to reducing emissions by at least 18% below 1990 levels
85
montreal protocol
international treaty designed to phase out the production of substances responsible for ozone depletion
86
Paris agreement
deals with greenhouse gas emissions & mitigation
87
what causes ocean acidification
CO2 reacting with seawater
88
Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES)
Ensures that international trade in specimens of wild animals & plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wind.
89
Endangered species act (ESA)
Designed to protect endangered species

APES (5 decks)

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