apes semester 1 final

Question 1

explain the concept of ecosystem boundaries

Answer 1

they are subjective - can be determined by topography, abiotic, and biotic components

Question 2

photosynthesis + respiration
1. define it
2. what cycle

Answer 2

sun energy is captured and made into organic molecules like glucose. glucose is made into energy. the main part of the fast section of the carbon cycle

Question 3

what is the order of the trophic levels, starting from producers

Answer 3

producers, primary consumer, secondary, tertiary, decomposers

Question 4

quantify ecosystem productivity

Answer 4

GPP-RL= NPP

Question 5

explain how the transfer of energy works in trophic levels

Answer 5

the second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is transferred, some of it is lost as heat. this is why only 10% of energy goes to the next level

Question 6

scavengers, decomposers, detritivores

Answer 6

they break down organisms that are dead and release their nutrients back into the environment and into the soil.

recycles nutrients

Question 7

The mistletoe is a plant that can photosynthesize but also requires nutrients from the tree it grows on. what relationship is this

Answer 7

parasite because it is taking nutrients

Question 8

Pollination of wildflowers by honeybees, wherein the honeybees obtain nutrients and the wildflowers receive aid for reproduction, is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?

Answer 8

mutualism - both benefit

Question 9

two hartebeests are fighting for food. what type of competition is this

Answer 9

intraspecific competition - within a species

Question 10

interspecific vs intraspecific

Answer 10

interspecific - between 2 diff species
intraspecific - between the same species

Question 11

Which of the following terms best describes an organism’s habitat as well as the role it plays in its environment through its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors?

A Evolution
B Trophic level
C Niche
D Community

Answer 11

niche

Question 12

Whale barnacles spend most of their lives attached to the flesh of various baleen whale species. One such species is the humpback whale. Some humpback whale individuals have been known to have up to 450 kg 450 kg of barnacles attached to their bodies. Whale barnacles are filter feeders and will feed on the same plankton that their humpback whale hosts are hunting. The barnacles may increase drag as the whale swims, but otherwise the whale is not impacted by the barnacles’ presence. What kind of ecological relationship does this describe?

Answer 12

commensalism

Question 13

When an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other, the interaction is classified as

Answer 13

commensalism

Question 14

Which of the following is the BEST example of competitive exclusion?

A a red, male C. cardinalis competes for the same resource as the tan, female C. cardinalis , causing the female to go extinct.
B When one species of warbler evolves to consume resources that are different than a similar species of warbler within the same ecological niche.
C A tan, female C. cardinalis outcompetes a red, male C. cardinalis for the same resource within the same niche.
D P. aurelia and P. caudatum compete for the same resource and both populations decrease.

Answer 14

D P. aurelia and P. caudatum compete for the same resource and both populations decrease.

competitive exclusion :
two species that compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist
this is y competition is bad for both species

Question 15

The three-toed sloth lives high up in rainforest tree canopies, reaching the full leaves and basking in the warmth of the sun. Sloths blend in with the forest canopy because they have a greenish color due to algae growing on their fur. The algae do not harm the sloth. what relationship is this

Answer 15

mutualistic

Question 16

which best describes parasites

A Parasites are usually within the same taxonomic order as their hosts.
B Parasites must live inside their hosts.
C Parasites are always microscopic.
D Parasites do not immediately kill their hosts.

Answer 16

D Parasites do not immediately kill their hosts.

–> this is bc they need the host to live so that they can use the hosts body

Question 17

The Narrowmouth Catshark and the Spiny Dogfish shark are species with overlapping fundamental niches in the South Atlantic.
As a result, the Narrowmouth Catshark occupies a realized niche that feeds on benthic fish and crustaceans, while the realized niche of the Spiny Dogfish includes feeding on pelagic school fish. This scenario BEST illustrates which species interaction?

Answer 17

resource partitioning bc they changed their habits bc of their competition

Question 18

Red-tailed Hawks and Barred Owls often forage in the same locations and for the same rodent prey. However, the hawks hunt during the day while the owls hunt at night. This is an example of

Answer 18

resource partitioning

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiotic relationship?

A The abundance of marine biodiversity and oceanic depth.
B Zooxanthellae algae and coral.
C Botfly larvae and cow.
D Tapeworm and human.

Answer 19

D Tapeworm and human.

Question 20

sybiotic relationships (theres 3)

Answer 20

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

at least 1 organism has to be benefited

Question 21

A primatologist is studying the interactions between marmosets and spider monkeys in the Brazilian rainforest. She records several instances of conflict over the same piece of fruit. What type of interaction would this BEST represent?

Answer 21

interspecific competition

Question 22

Which of the following biomes has all of the following characteristics?
Warm temperatures year-round
Alternating dry and wet seasons
Ample grasses
Widely scattered clumps of trees that support herds of herbivores

Answer 22

savannah

Question 23

Groups of different species living in the same area and interacting with one another is called a(n)

Answer 23

community

Question 24

The tundra is a biome found primarily in northern latitudes and is characterized by many months of below-freezing temperatures. As our climate warms, which of the following projected changes will be observed in the tundra biome?

A A decrease in the overall size and location of tundra biomes.
B A decrease in the amount of methane released from melting permafrost.
C A decrease in the amount of usable land in northern latitudes.
D An increase in the amount of reliable freshwater supplies that result from yearly snowmelt.

Answer 24

A A decrease in the overall size and location of tundra biomes.

Question 25

Which of the following has the largest area of old-growth forests in the United States? A Alaska. B Washington. C Oregon. D Vermont.

Answer 25

alaska

Question 26

What is the BEST example of a temperate biome that is too dry for forests and too moist for deserts to occur? A Tundra. B Temperate forest. C Taiga. D Temperate grasslands.

Answer 26

D Temperate grasslands.

Question 27

Of the following biomes, which MOST likely has leaf litter, maple and oak trees, understory shrubs, small mammals, songbirds, and white-tailed deer?

Answer 27

temperate deciduous forest

Question 28

which isn't a characteristic of tropical rainforests A Dense vegetation. B Quick decomposition of organic material. C Consistently high temperatures. D High soil nutrients.

Answer 28

D High soil nutrients.

Question 29

The world grows enough food to feed everyone on the planet but a large number of people suffer from malnutrition and undernutrition. All of the following explain why people are malnourished or undernourished EXCEPT A people do not have enough money to buy the food they need. B political unrest makes it difficult to get adequate food supplies to people in the war zone. C a shortage of fertilizers in the developing world limits the amount of food that can be grown. D a large portion of the grains we grow is diverted to feed livestock.

Answer 29

C a shortage of fertilizers in the developing world limits the amount of food that can be grown.

Question 30

Which of the following biomes would be expected to have the lowest biodiversity?

Answer 30

desert

Question 31

All of the following are TRUE of soils in the tropical rainforests EXCEPT A rainforest soils are rich in organic topsoil, which allows for lush growth. B nutrients are quickly depleted when the flora is removed. C nutrients leach into deeper layers due to heavy rainfall. D rainforest soils have very little humus content.

Answer 31

A rainforest soils are rich in organic topsoil, which allows for lush growth.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of desert plants for their environment? A Toxins released into the soil near their roots to prevent competition B Spines to discourage herbivory C Opening their stomata only during the day D Reduced or no leaves

Answer 32

C Opening their stomata only during the day

Question 33

Of all the water resources on Earth, what percentage is saline?

Answer 33

97

Question 34

Which of the following statements is correct in regards to the deep ocean circulation of water in the ocean? A The deep ocean circulation of water is called the ocean conveyor belt and is caused by the differences in temperature and salinity. B The deep ocean circulation of water is caused by hydrothermal vents that emit large amounts of hot, mineral rich water. C The deep ocean circulation of water is caused by convection currents in water that allow cold water to rise and warm water to sink. D The deep ocean circulation of water is called an ocean gyre and is caused by differences in wind movement and salinity.

Answer 34

A The deep ocean circulation of water is called the ocean conveyor belt and is caused by the differences in temperature and salinity.

Question 35

The highest salinity surface water would be expected in which climate zone? A Subtropical. B Tropical. C Polar. D Temperate.

Answer 35

subtropical bc of sm evaporation, which leaves the salt behind in the water

Question 36

Which of the following choices best describes the processes by which Earth's ocean gained its dissolved compounds? A Upwelling and deposition B Upwelling and erosion C Erosion and deposition D Weathering and runoff

Answer 36

runoff bc it carries materials into bodies of water chemical weathering breaks down materials, which makes them enter water

Question 37

fossil carbon example

Answer 37

fossil fuels like coal and oil

Question 38

modern carbon example

Answer 38

carbon taken in by photosynthesis

Question 39

where is most carbon stored

Answer 39

ocean sediments

Question 40

Which of the following types of plants is MOST likely to contain nitrogen fixing bacteria? A Oak tree. B Corn plant. C Pine tree. D Peanut bush.

Answer 40

peanut bush bc its a legume

Question 41

what gas composes of most of the atmosphere

Answer 41

n2

Question 42

A farmer analyzes the quality of his soil and determines it is lower in nitrogen than he would prefer. Instead of using organic or synthetic fertilizer, what could he do to increase the levels of nitrogen? A Add large limestone rocks between the rows of his crops. B Increase the frequency of irrigation. C Plant legumes between the rows of his crops. D Decrease the frequency of pesticide use

Answer 42

C Plant legumes between the rows of his crops.

Question 43

Which of the following biogeochemical cycles does NOT contain a molecule in a gaseous state?

Answer 43

phosphorus

Question 44

Which of the following is the LARGEST phosphorus sink?

Answer 44

rock

Question 45

The driving force of the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle is A the ocean. B the gravitational pull of the moon. C the sun. D runoff.

Answer 45

sun

Question 46

All of the following are direct effects of runoff into the ocean EXCEPT A volume of ocean water. B turbidity. C rate of evaporation. D excess of nutrients.

Answer 46

evaporation

Question 47

what processes cause genetic diversity (2 answers) a. natural selection b. mutation c. allele division d. recombination

Answer 47

b + d

Question 48

what can increase runoff

Answer 48

increased numbers of buildings (impervious surfaces)

Question 49

order of the atmospheric layers

Answer 49

troposphere, stratosphere (ozone), mesosphere thermosphere, exosphere

Question 50

what causes unequal heating (choose 3) a. differences in the angles of suns rays b. distance from the sun c. albedo 4. amt of atmosphere

Answer 50

a, b, d

Question 51

how does earths tilt affect the seasonal temp changes

Answer 51

the tilt changes the angle of sunlight at specific latitudes, so it shifts from cancer to capricorn

Question 52

adiabatic cooling

Answer 52

the cooling affect of less pressure on warm air as it rises and expands, which causes it to cool and sink

Question 53

adiabatic heating

Answer 53

the heating affect of increased pressure on cold air as it sinks, causing it to heat up and rise

Question 54

latent heat release

Answer 54

heat is released during condensation

Question 55

theory of island biogeography

Answer 55

species richness increases with larger island size and closer from the mainland

Question 56

primary succession

Answer 56

happens on bare rock

Question 57

secondary succession

Answer 57

in disturbed areas w/ soil

Question 58

aquatic succession

Answer 58

aquatic --> land Primary succession can happen when mud is colonized by plants. Over a period of years the pond may steadily lose the open water as vegetation takes over + become land

Question 59

what determines the factors of species diversity (4 of them)

Answer 59

latitude time closer to mainland bigger equator

Question 60

range of tolerance is...

Answer 60

the range of a single abiotic factors a species can handle

Question 61

fundamental niche

Answer 61

all abiotic components an animal can handle

Question 62

realized niche

Answer 62

abiotic and biotic components

Question 63

tragedy of commons

Answer 63

when a shard resource is depleted bc ppl acted in self interest for short term gain

Question 64

externality

Answer 64

cost/ benefit that affects ppl who are not doing something

Question 65

urban sprawl

Answer 65

ppl go to suburbs bc of highways, government incentives, lower costs, and urban blight ( ppl leave -> degradion of city -> more ppl leave)

Question 66

what has the focus on increased yeilds caused

Answer 66

a decrease in biodiversity domestically - ppl only breed the most economically beneficial animals

Question 67

what animal group is declining the most

Answer 67

amphibians

Question 68

intrinsic value

Answer 68

the ecosystem holds value independant of humans

Question 69

provisioning service

Answer 69

direct material from ecosystems

Question 70

regulating services

Answer 70

balance ecosystem so we dont have to

Question 71

supporting services

Answer 71

processes that save money

Question 72

how does the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services affect humans

Answer 72

makes things more expensive

Question 73

what are the main causes of loss of biodiversity

Answer 73

H - habitat loss I - invasives P- pollution P- population C- climate change O- overharvesting

Question 74

why does climate change lead to habitat loss

Answer 74

it changes the distribution of biomes, which causes species to die if they cant adapt

Question 75

identify the causes and consequences of el nino

Answer 75

caused : reversal of trade winds e->w consequences: reduced upwelling and fishing in SA, drought in asia, flooding in SA

Question 76

contrast the effects of density dependant and density independent factors

Answer 76

density dependant factors affect pops based on their size, ex food scarcity will have a more drastic affect on large pops and density independent factors affects pops regardless of size, ex natural disaster will decrease pop no matter what

Question 77

explain the exponential growth model

Answer 77

if conditions were perfect, species would grow exponentially

Question 78

describe how the logistic growth model has carrying capacity

Answer 78

more realistic - includes the density - dependant factors that limit pop growth at a point , after 1/2 carrying capacity, growth slows

Question 79

compare the 3 types of survivorship curves type I type II type III

Answer 79

type I- k selected and high early survivorship, gets lower as organisms grow old type 2- linearly decreases type 3- r-selected, low survivorship early on

Question 80

explain the drivers of population growth - what causes pop growth in humans

Answer 80

increased TFR, less DR, more BR, high replacement level fertility

Question 81

how can you calculate population size

Answer 81

(births + immigrants) - (deaths + emmigrants)

Question 82

an age structure diagram of a developing country will most likely look like...

Answer 82

a pyramid, with a growing number of young individuals bc of pop growth

Question 83

what is the doubling time of a pop calculated by

Answer 83

70 / %growth rate

Question 84

how does the demographic transition model follow the stages of economic development?

Answer 84

as economy gets better, theres more money, education, family planning, and contraceptives these things all help countries become more industrialized, and can help determine their stage in the DTM

Question 85

what is the ipat equation

Answer 85

impact = population x affluence x tech

Question 86

what are the risk factors for human chronic diseases low income: high income:

Answer 86

low: unsafe conditions, malnutrition, poverty-caused death high: lifestyle based death like low activity and poor nutrition

Question 87

describe the progression of fossil fuel use as a country becomes more developed

Answer 87

as countries have more money to buy FF, they use more nonrenewables

Question 88

why are different forms of energy best suited for certain purposes

Answer 88

some are more efficient for specific purposes- ex oil is better for cars bc its light and easily transportable

Question 89

how is electricity generated (describe process)

Answer 89

coal = pulverized, burnt, heats water, the water turns to steam, turbine. generator, electricity, distribution

Question 90

how is fission used in nuclear power plants

Answer 90

neutron hits u-235 and splits atoms apart. the split causes heat to b released nd used to heat water

Question 91

describe the various forms of biomass

Answer 91

common in developing countries ethanol + diesel -

Question 92

what type of succession is a volcanic eruption

Answer 92

primary bc of rock

Question 93

is disease density dependant or independant

Answer 93

dependant

Question 94

how to calc crude birth rate

Answer 94

birth rate / total pop x 1000

Question 95

why do we have seasons

Answer 95

earths tilt