Apes Unit 2

Question 1

Genetic Diversity

Answer 1

Variety of genes in a population or species. The more genetically diverse a population is,
the better it can respond to environmental stressors

Question 2

Habitat Diversity

Answer 2

Loss of habitat leads to a loss of specialist species, followed by a loss of generalist
species. It also leads to reduced numbers of species that have large territorial requirements

Question 3

Specialist

Answer 3

need very specific resources to survive. Narrow niche—narrow range of tolerance. Ex: panda needs bamboo

Question 4

Generalist

Answer 4

more likely to survive bc they can adapt better and dont need as specific things to live. Broad niche—wide range of tolerance. Ex: racoons can live in urban areas or forrests

Question 5

Population Bottleneck

Answer 5

when a population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. Ex: Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods and fires.

Question 6

founder effect

Answer 6

when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This small population size means that the colony may have reduced genetic variation from the original population.

Question 7

Niche

Answer 7

The ecological role each species plays in an ecosystem. Includes everything that affects survival and reproduction: Water, space, sunlight, food, and temperatures

Question 8

Species diversity

Answer 8

A measurement of species richness and species evenness.

Question 9

Species richness

Answer 9

number of species found in a community or ecosystem.

Question 10

Species diversity

Answer 10

a measurement of species richness combined with evenness
-meaning it takes into account not only how many species are present but also how evenly distributed the numbers of each species are.

Question 11

Habitat fragmentation

Answer 11

The process during which a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area isolated from each other by a matrix of habitats unlike the original.

Question 12

Habitat Corridor

Answer 12

An area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human activities or structures.

Question 13

Invasive Species

Answer 13

An organism that is not indigenous, or native to a particular area. They can cause great economic and environmental harm to the new area. Ex: lionfish

Question 14

Two things that we look at when looking at island biogeography:

Answer 14

Immigration of species
Extinction of species

Question 15

Affects on equilibrium in island biogeography

Answer 15

Island size
Distance from the mainland

Question 16

what can you predict by looking at the equilibrium point island biogeography graph

Answer 16

number of species on the island

Question 17

Ecological Tolerance:

Answer 17

The range of abiotic conditions, such as temperature, salinity, flow rate, and sunlight that an organism can endure before injury or death results.

Question 18

Indicator Species

Answer 18

An organism whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental condition. Ex: frogs and toads bc they are sensitive to pollution

Question 19

what type of species can be used to diagnose the health of an ecosystem

Answer 19

Indicator species can signal a change in the biological condition of a particular ecosystem

Question 20

Foundation Species

Answer 20

Species that have a strong role in structuring (creating habitats) a community. Ex: elephant that clears trees to create a habitat

Question 21

which species can occupy any trophic level in a food web

Answer 21

Foundation species

Question 22

Survival of the Fittest

Answer 22

Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection

Question 23

Founder Effect

Answer 23

a case of genetic drift caused by a small population with limited numbers of individuals breaking away from a parent population.
Starting a new population with a small gene pool.

Question 24

Fundamental Niche

Answer 24

The full range a species can occupy without interference from other species.

Question 25

Realized Niche

Answer 25

The set of conditions actually used by a given species.

Question 26

Evolution through natural selection

Answer 26

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Question 27

evolution through random processes

Answer 27

Gene mutations that are favorable to the survival of the organism.

Question 28

evolution through artificial selection

Answer 28

identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.

Question 29

what are the 2 types of ecological succession

Answer 29

primary and secondary

Question 30

what are the stages of succession

Answer 30

bare rock, lichens, small plants and lichens, grasses, bushes, conifor/evergreen trees, then oak and hardwood trees

Question 31

where does primary succession occur

Answer 31

lifeless areas, such as regions in which there is no soil

Question 32

what is secondary succession

Answer 32

plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity

Question 33

how long does primary and secondary succession

Answer 33

primary - 300
secondary - 150

Question 34

what can happen if a keystone species is removed

Answer 34

trophic cascade (every level will have a change)

Question 35

pioneer species and examples

Answer 35

first Species in a newly created environment. lichens, mosses, annual plants

Question 36

what are the effects of a disturbed ecosystem

Answer 36

total biomass, species richness, net productivity

Question 37

provisioning services

Answer 37

products that the ecosystem provides such as water, sunlight, timber

Question 38

regulating services

Answer 38

the benefits that ecosystems provide in regulating processes such as climate regulation, water purification, pest control

Question 39

cultural services

Answer 39

non material benefits an ecosystem provides that are recreational, aesthetic, spiritual

Question 40

supporting services

Answer 40

this supports the other services like soil formation and nutrient cycling, biogeochemical cycles, photosynthesis