Apoptosis and Necrosis

Question 1

Reversible changes

Answer 1

• Reduced oxidative phosphorylation
• ATP Depletion
  -cellular swelling

Question 2

Cloudy swelling

Answer 2

-reversible cell injury
-cellular swelling and granularity of cytoplasm
- water accumulation

Question 3

Hydropic swelling

Answer 3

• reversible CI
• occurs when injury continues
• Accumulation of excess water
• due to ionic imbalances - sodium influx
  -nucleus centered

Question 4

First manefistation of cell injury

Answer 4

Hydropic

Question 5

Location of cloudy swelling

Answer 5

-kidney
-liver
- heart

Question 6

Location of hydropic swelling

Answer 6

• liver ballooning
• skin in burns

Question 7

Fatty change

Answer 7

-reversible
-pathological accumulation of fat
-nucleus is eccentric

Question 8

Causes of fatty change

Answer 8

• excess fat entry- starvation
  -deficiency of lipotropic factors
• cells can’t metabolize fat ( viral hepatitis)

Question 9

Cell death

Answer 9

Irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction
Membrane disturbances

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

-Programmed single cell death
- no inflammation
-Energy required

Question 11

What 3 organelles are vital?

Answer 11

1.Mitochondria
2.Cell membrane
3.Lysosomes- autolysis

Question 12

Apoptosis and cell integrity?

Answer 12

The cell cell integrity is not compromised

Question 13

Pathological ex. Apoptosis

Answer 13

1.toxic effect on cells
2. Duct obstruction
3.tumor cells

Question 14

Physiological examples of Apoptosis

Answer 14

1. Embryogenesis
2. hormonal Involution-Menstruation
3. post inflammatory
4. Cytotoxic T-Cells

Question 15

Morphology of apoptosis

Answer 15

Cell shrinkage—>Chromatin condensation->increase in blebs / apoptotic bodies—>phagocytosis

Question 16

Necrosis

Answer 16

-Pattern of cell death
-Group of cells
-surrounded by inflammation
-no energy

Question 17

Pyknosis

Answer 17

Chromatin condensation= Dark blue

Question 18

Karyolysis

Answer 18

Breakdown of chromatin

Question 19

Karyorrhexis

Answer 19

Fragmented chromatin

Question 20

Irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction leads to

Answer 20

Decreased ATP

Question 21

Increased level of intracellular Calcium leads to

Answer 21

Activation of many enzymes
-Proteases
-phospholipases
-Endonucleases

Question 22

Name the 2 types of cell digestion

Answer 22

1. Autolysis
2. Heterolysis

Question 23

Autolysis

Answer 23

Digestion of cells by lysosomes

Question 24

Heterolysis

Answer 24

Digestion of cell by enzymes derived from luekocytes.

Question 25

Denaturation of proteins caused by?

Answer 25

Intracellular acidosis

Question 26

Protein denaturation leads to?

Answer 26

-Injury of cell membrane -Influx of Na+and Ca+ -shutdown of cell

Question 27

Morphology of necrotic cells?

Answer 27

-Increased Eosinophillia- cytoplasm very red -nuclear changes= Pyknosis,Karyorrhexis,karrolysis -phospholipid percipitate/mass

Question 28

List patterns of Necrosis

Answer 28

-coagulative -liquefaction -caseous -fat necrosis -gangrene

Question 29

What are the ghost of cells called?

Answer 29

Coagulative Necrosis

Question 30

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 30

-Hypoxic tissue death in body -cells have died but maintain basic shape -solid consistency

Question 31

Ischemic necrosis

Answer 31

Found in myocardium

Question 32

Liquefaction necrosis

Answer 32

-Complete dissolution of necrotic tissue -hypoxic tissue death of brain - Due to massive infiltration of neutrophils

Question 33

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 33

-seen by naked eye {grossly} -cheese-like -looks like accumulation of debris in area

Question 34

Which disease is caseous necrosis mainly seen?

Answer 34

TB

Question 35

Fat necrosis found in?

Answer 35

Pancreatic trauma or breast trauma

Question 36

Fat necrosis caused by

Answer 36

Lipases released into adipose tissue

Question 37

Term: free fatty acids join and cause calcium soaps?

Answer 37

Saponification

Question 38

Fibrinoid Necrosis

Answer 38

-Usually seen in walls of blood vessels

Question 39

Fibrinoid Necrosis looks like?

Answer 39

Glassy, red material deposited in walls of vessels

Question 40

Gangrene

Answer 40

Necrosis that is Visible grossly -wet and dry gangrene

Question 41

Wet gangrene

Answer 41

-Mostly Liquefactive -foul-smelling -infected by several kinds of bacteria

Question 42

Dry Gangrene

Answer 42

-Coagulative necrosis -Mummified and black appearance -dried up before bacterial overgrowth. -better to save

Question 43

Fate of small Necrosis

Answer 43

-Macrophages to clean= start HEALING -regeneration of dead cells

Question 44

Fate of large necrosis

Answer 44

-Surrounded by fibrous capsule -Dystrophic calcification= Ca+ accumulation

Question 45

Ischemia

Answer 45

Lack of oxygen to tissue