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AUBF: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID > APPEARANCE OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID > Flashcards

APPEARANCE OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Flashcards

1
Q

What does crystal clear cerebrospinal fluid appearance indicate?

A

normal

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2
Q

What might a cloudy, milky, turbid cerebrospinal fluid appearance suggest?

A
  • May suggest an increase in protein, lipid, or white blood cells.
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3
Q

What does the presence of BLOODY cerebrospinal fluid indicate?

A
  • Suggests conditions such as intracranial hemorrhage or a traumatic tap.
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4
Q

What does a pink appearance of cerebrospinal fluid indicate?

A
  • pink- oxyhemoglobin
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5
Q

What does a yellow appearance of cerebrospinal fluid suggest?

A
  • yellow- high bilirubin
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6
Q

What does an orange appearance of cerebrospinal fluid typically result from?

A
  • orange- combination of oxyhemoglobin and high bilirubin
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7
Q

What are some of the factors that can lead to xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • Can result from hemoglobin, bilirubin, carotene, increased protein, and melanin.
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8
Q

What could be the reason for the appearance of clotted cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • May result from the introduction of clotting factors due to a traumatic tap.
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9
Q

When might you observe a pellicle-like appearance in cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • Can be seen in cases of tubercular meningitis, especially after overnight refrigeration.
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10
Q

What can cause cerebrospinal fluid to appear oily?

A

radiographic contrast media

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11
Q

What are the key characteristics of a traumatic tap?

A
  • Traumatic tap is characterized by an uneven distribution of blood
  • And the formation of clots due to the activation of the coagulation pathway.
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12
Q

What is the appearance of the supernatant in a traumatic tap?

A
  • The supernatant in a traumatic tap is not xanthochromic; it typically appears clear or red only.
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13
Q

What is the main reason for clot formation in a traumatic tap?

A
  • Primarily due to the presence of clotting factors and the activation of the coagulation pathway.
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14
Q

What is the distribution pattern of the intracranial hemorrhage?

A
  • Described as having an EVEN distribution.
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15
Q

Is there any clot formation associated with this intracranial hemorrhage?

A
  • No, there is no clot formation mentioned in this case of intracranial hemorrhage.
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16
Q

What is the characteristic of the supernatant fluid in intracranial hemorhage?

A

Xanthocromic

17
Q

What additional finding is included regarding intracranial hemorrhage?

A
  • Erythrophagocytosis is mentioned as an additional finding
  • Along with a positive (+) D-dimer indicating bleeding.
18
Q

What is erythrophagocytosis, and what is observed microscopically in relation to macrophages?

A
  • Macrophages are seen microscopically ingesting red blood cells (RBCs).
19
Q

What is D-dimer, and what does it represent in the context of fibrin degradation?

A
  • D-dimer is the end product of fibrin degradation
  • Indicating the presence of ongoing blood clot formation and breakdown.
20
Q

What is the common pathway in the COAGULATION pathway?

A
  • The common pathway in the COAGULATION pathway involves factors 10, 5, 2, and 1.
21
Q

How is Factor 10 activated?

A
  • Factor 10 is activated by Factor 9 via the intrinsic pathway
  • By Factor 7 via the extrinsic pathway.
22
Q

What activates Factor 10 with the cofactor of Factor 5?

A
  • Factor 10, with the cofactor of Factor 5, is activated to form Factor 2.
23
Q

What does activated Factor 2 (F2) do?

A
  • Activated Factor 2 (F2) will activate Factor 13 And 1
  • Convert fibrinogen into fibrin.
24
Q

What happens when Factor 1 (F1) is activated?

A
  • Once Factor 1 (F1) is activated, it will form an unstable fibrin clot.
25
Q

What is the role of Factor 13 (F13) in fibrin stabilization?

A
  • Also known as fibrin-stabilizing factor
  • Acts to stabilize the unstable fibrin clot
  • Contributes to the second formation of a stabilized fibrin polymer
26
Q

What is fibrinolysis, and how is it initiated?

A
  • Fibrinolysis is the dissolution of a blood clot
  • It is initiated by plasmin, which is the activated version of plasminogen, often through “UPA” (urokinase-type plasminogen activator).
27
Q

What happens when plasmin acts on an unstable fibrin clot?

A

*It leads to the formation of fibrin degradation products.

28
Q

What is the result of plasmin acting on a stable fibrin clot?

A
  • When plasmin acts on a stable fibrin clot
  • It results in the production of fragment D-dimer.

AUBF: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (18 decks)

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