Appendix

Question 1

What does Rostral mean?

Answer 1

-Anterior/ in front of

Question 2

What does Caudal mean?

Answer 2

-Posterior/behind

Question 3

Dorsal vs ventral

Answer 3

-Dorsal is behind, ventral is the belly.

KEEP IN MIND THE AXIS

Question 4

lpsilateral

Answer 4

-means same side

Question 5

contralateral

Answer 5

-means against or across

Question 6

Telencephalon includes?

Answer 6

• Part of the forebrain (Prosencephalon)
• Cerebral cortex
• Cerebral nuceli (basal ganglia, amygdala, base forebrain
• associated with lateral ventricles

Question 7

Diencephalon includes?

Answer 7

• Part of Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
• thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• retina
• associated with third ventricle

Question 8

Mesencephalon includes?

Answer 8

• Is the midbrain
• Superior and inferior colliculi
• Red nucleus
• Substantia nigra
• associated with cerebral aqueduct

Question 9

Metencephalon includes?

Answer 9

• Part of the hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
• cerebellum
• pons
• associated with fourth ventricle

Question 10

Myelencephalon includes?

Answer 10

• Part of the hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
• Medulla oblongata
• associated with fourth ventricle

Question 11

Division of the Dorsal horn contains?

Answer 11

• I Marginal zone
• II Substantia gelatinosa
• III/IV Nucleus proprius
• V/VI Base of dorsal horn

Question 12

Division of the Intermediate zone (lateral horn) contains?

Answer 12

-VII intermediate gray

Question 13

Division of Ventral horn contains?

Answer 13

• VIII Motor interneurons

- IX motor neuron columns

Question 14

Division of the Central zone contains?

Answer 14

-X Central gray

Question 15

Marginal zone significance

Answer 15

-Projection neurons that receive input from small-diameter afferents; one source of anterolateral system projections

Question 16

Substantia gelatinosa significance

Answer 16

-Interneurons that receive input mainly from small-diameter afferents; integrates feedforward and feedback (descending) inputs modulate pain transmission

Question 17

Nucleus proprius significance

Answer 17

-interneurons that integrate inputs from small- and large-diameter afferents

Question 18

Base of dorsal horn significance

Answer 18

-Projection neurons that receive input from both large-and small-diameter afferents and spinal interneurons; another source of anterolateral system projections

Question 19

Intermediate gray significance

Answer 19

-Mainly interneurons that communicate between dorsal and ventral horns; in the thoracic cord, also contains projection neurons of the dorsal nucleus of Clarke, a spinocerebellar relay

Question 20

Motor interneurons significance (in the ventral horn division)

Answer 20

-Interneurons in the medial aspect of ventral horn that coordinate the activities of lower motor neurons

Question 21

Motor neuron columns significance

Answer 21

-Columns of lower motor neurons that govern limb musculature

Question 22

Central gray significance

Answer 22

-Interneurons surrounding the rudiment of the central canal

Question 23

Cranial nerve I

Answer 23

• Olfactory
• Function is smell
• Sensory

Question 24

Cranial nerve II

Answer 24

• Optic
• Function is vision
• Sensory

Question 25

Cranial nerve III

Answer 25

- Oculometer - Function eye movement - Motor

Question 26

Cranial nerve IV

Answer 26

- Trochlear - Function eye movement - Motor

Question 27

Cranial nerve V

Answer 27

- Trigeminal - Function: Masticatory movements and facial sensation - Sensory and motor

Question 28

Cranial nerve VI

Answer 28

- Abducens - Function: Eye movement - Motor

Question 29

Cranial nerve VII

Answer 29

- Facial - Function: facial movement and sensation - Sensory and motor

Question 30

Cranial nerve VIII

Answer 30

- Auditory vestibular - Functions: hearing and balance - Sensory

Question 31

Cranial nerve IX

Answer 31

- Glossopharyngeal - Functions: Tongue and pharynx movement and sensation - Sensory and motor

Question 32

Cranial nerve X

Answer 32

- Vagus - Functions: Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx - Sensory and motor

Question 33

Cranial nerve XI

Answer 33

- Spinal accessory - Functions: Neck muscles - Motor

Question 34

Cranial nerve XII

Answer 34

- Hypoglossal - Functions: Tongue muscles - Motor

Question 35

Thalamus

Answer 35

- Surrounds the third ventricle - Relay between subcortical structures and cortex - Sleep and arousal

Question 36

Circle of Willis

Answer 36

- Creates redundancy - Commonness among animals - Protect cerebral artery and blood-brain barrier from hemodynamic stress