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BMS 598 Synaptic Organization of the Brain > Chapter 1 Highlights > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Highlights Flashcards

1
Q

Different types of Glial Cells

A 
1-Astrocytes
2-Oligodendrocyte; Schwann cells
3-Microglial 
4-Glial stem cell
5-Oligodendrocyte precursors
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2
Q

What are Scaffolding proteins?

A
  • Link receptors to cytoskeletal elements
  • Proteins in the extracellular space between the axon and its target muscle (green)
  • Example: K scaffolding protein here is dsytrophin; mutations in muscular dystrophy
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3
Q

Function of Astrocytes

A
  • Only in CNS
  • Main function is Phagocytosis
  • Propagate Ca++ waves
  • Release gliotransmitters
  • Provide physical support
  • Provide neurons with nutrients
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4
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes

A
  • CNS only
  • Myelin formation; insulation
  • One oligodendrocytes can integrate multiple neurons (contrast to Schwann cell)
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5
Q

Function of Schwann cell

A
  • Found in the peripheral axons
  • make myelin
  • wrap around one cell per Schwann
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6
Q

Function of Microglia

A
  • Participate in Phagocytosis via releasing a variety of cytotoxic substances
  • Immune defense system of the CNS
  • Attack and excavate invading microorganism
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7
Q

Function of Glial Stem Cell (Radial glial cells)

A
  • Found in adult and developing brain
  • Proliferate and generate additional precursors or differentiated glia (sometimes neurons)
  • Found in sub ventricular r zone or adjacent to SVZ blood vessels
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8
Q

Function of Oligodendrocyte precursor (progenitor; NG2-glia)

A
  • Can also differentiate into neurons and astrocytes

- Dysregulation results in myelination impairments

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9
Q

What are the different staining methods?

A
  • Golgi Staining
  • Fluorescent Dye
  • Enzymatic labeling
  • Nissl stain (shows stains in the CNS, shows cortex, cell bodies)
  • Cresyl Violet Stain: Stains RNA, organelles (RER and nuceluolus)
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10
Q

Arrangement of neural circuits

A
  • Neuropil: Synaptic connectivity
  • Afferent neurons
  • Efferent neurons
  • Interneurons
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11
Q

Function of Sensory neuron

A

-Detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends this info to the CNS

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12
Q

Function of Motor neuron

A

-Located within the CNS that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland.

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13
Q

Difference between Efferent and Afferent

A
  • Afferent nerve carries information from sensory receptors in skin to the brain
  • Efferent nerve carries information from the brain to neurons controlling leg muscles producing a response
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14
Q

Define interneuron

A

-A cell that is located entirely within the CNS

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15
Q

Define Optogenetic Methods

A
  • Stimulate or inhibit particular types of neurons in particular brain regions
  • capitalizes on photosensitive proteins in algae and bacteria
  • When blue light strikes one of these proteins, ChR2 channel opens and rush of positively charged sodium and calcium ions depolarizes the membrane causing excitation.
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16
Q

Define a Nerve

A

-several axons running together. Also referred to as “a track”

17
Q

Define Ganglia

A

-Local accumulation of nerve cell bodies

18
Q

Some studies used to analyze neural studies (4)

A
  • Lesion studies
  • Neural tracing
  • Molecular + Histological techniques
  • Genetic engineering used to show pathways in the nervous system
19
Q

Radio frequency lesion

A
  • Alternating current with high frequency
  • through tips of electrodes, heat kills cells.
  • Clinically, used for head and neck pain (kills targeted and isolated nerves)
20
Q

Excitotoxic lesions

A
  • Mostly Kainic acid-acid derivative in some seaweed
  • Glutamate agonist at kainite receptor
  • kills cell bodies but spares axons that are passing through
  • Uncontrolled increase of Ca++ causes the cell to degenerate
  • So we look at this and be like ok what does this part do?
21
Q

Anterograde neural tracing

A
  • PHA-L is injected
  • Animal is perfused brain fixed and sliced
  • Use immunocytochemical techniques to make visible
  • Taken up by dendrites and cell bodies and carried to the ends of axons
  • Traces efferent axons
22
Q

Retrograde neural tracing

A
  • Traces afferent axons
  • circuits before a structure
  • “Upstream” components of a circuit
  • Taken up by terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies
  • Fluorogold is the chemical,
23
Q

Pneumoencephalography

A
  • abbreviated as PEG

- referred to as air study, infect air to see the inside of brain

24
Q

Cerebral angiogram

A

-useful to examine blockages or other abnormalities in blood vessels of head and neck.

25
Q

Event related potential recording in an awake state

A
  • Comparing the response intensity recorded at each site provides a low resolution map of localized activity
  • nonevasive
26
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • Electrodes are taped to the scalp in several locations; electrical activity reflects the sum of electrical events of populations of neurons
  • Comparison of signals from different locations can identify the origin of some waves
  • Response to momentary sensory stimulation-Event related potentials
  • non evasive
27
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Magnetic field based on current flow through a magnetic coil
  • Deliver a pulse of current to the surface of the cerebral cortex
  • Causing a brief disruption of electrical activity in that area
  • Clinical treatment for depression and other mood disorders
  • Non-evasive
28
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

-oxygenated hemoglobin has different magnetic resonance signal than oxygen depleted hemoglobin
-Active brain cells need more O2 and thus blood flow increases. real time brain activity
-Combined with EEG, one can see changing locations of brain activity during a task or cognitive process
-

29
Q

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI)

A

Analyzes changes in brain function following drug administration, location and time course of drug action

  • brain penetrability parameters, or dose ranging information for novel therapeutic compounds
  • may be useful in predicating response of a patient by screening brain function
30
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • maps distribution of a radioactively labeled substance that has been injected into an individual
  • think radioactivity
  • locate areas of brain (blood flow, glucose or O2 utilization) when person is performing certain tasks or cognitive problem solving
  • Resolution is less accurate but combined with CT or MRI
31
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A
  • Uses a modified MRI scanner
  • Reveals bundles of myelinated axons in the living human brain
  • H20 movement

BMS 598 Synaptic Organization of the Brain (2 decks)

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